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Notes
1. Several previous studies of New York City public schools concluded that the city’s charter schools far outperformed its district-run schools (e.g., Hoxby & Murarka, Citation2008; CREDO, Citation2010). This was the context in which Fryer and Dobbie identified effective educational practices in charter schools.
2. The 16 cities are: Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Central Falls (RI), Chicago, Denver, Hartford (CT), Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Nashville, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Rochester (NY), Sacramento, and Spring Branch (TX) (Yatsko, Nelson, & Lake, Citation2013).
3. In January 2014, another five cities—Aldine (TX), Lawrence (MA), San Jose (CA), Spokane (WA), and Tulsa (OK) were awarded $100,000 each as a continuation of the Compact cities initiative (Ash, 2014).