Randomized Discontinuation Trials With Binary Outcomes

Abstract

Randomized discontinuation trial (RDT) has gained popularity across a number of therapeutic areas. Oncology is one of the most known. In the simplest case, at the initial open-label stage all patients are treated with the experimental treatment to identify a population of responders. This stage is followed by a randomized two-arm trial to compare two conditions, for example, treatment versus placebo. Potentially RDT increases the efficiency of trials relatively to traditional designs gaining information from a sensitized population if the open-label stage provides a reliable separation of responders from nonresponders. Often a sensitized population is called an enriched population, and respectively, the RDT is called “enrichment experiment.” We compare RDT with the traditional two-arm randomized clinical trials (RCT) for binary outcomes assuming that the population of interest consists of three groups: placebo responders, treatment-only responders, and nonresponders. Our results are derived in the “parameter estimation” setting and they are based on the comparison of estimator variances. We identify conditions under which RDT is either superior or inferior to RCT in terms of response rates, misclassification rates, and clinical ethics. Extension of our results to design optimization, hypothesis testing, and sample size calculation is rather straightforward.

Keywords:

• 62K05

Keywords:

• Enrichment experiments
• Experimental design
• Randomized discontinuation trial
• Open-label first stage

Acknowledgments

We thank Prof. Stephen J. Senn and Prof. Gary L. Rosner for their valuable comments on the earlier versions of this article. Comments from the two anonymous reviewers were essential for the improvement of the final version.