Lowered PON1 activities are strongly associated with depression and bipolar disorder, recurrence of (hypo)mania and depression, increased disability and lowered quality of life

Abstract

Objectives: Mood disorders (MDs) frequently co-exist with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress are important shared pathophysiological pathways. Even though there has been an extensive investigation of the enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a biomarker of susceptibility for CVD, there are few reports studying PON1 in MDs. The aim of this study was to determine the association between PON1 activities as well as functional genotypes and MD diagnosis, clinical characteristics and outcomes.

Methods: PON1 activities and functional genotypes were assayed in 58 bipolar disorder (BD) and 32 major depressed patients (MDD) and compared with 59 controls.

Results: Our findings show significantly lower PON1 total and CMPAase activities in MDs, which are partly related to the number of previous depressive and manic episodes. Lowered CMPAase activity is associated with a worse outcome of MDs as indicated by lowered quality of life (WHOQoL-BREF scale) and increased disability in the Sheeham scale.

Conclusions: We hypothesise that lowered PON1 total and CMPAase activities may play a role in the pathophysiology of MDs by lowering antioxidant defences thereby increasing the risk of lipid peroxidation and inflammation; lowered inhibition of quorum-sensing lactones thereby increasing bacterial proliferation; and attenuated homocysteine thiolactone catabolism which may trigger immune-inflammatory response and/or induce neurotoxicity.

Keywords:

• Bipolar disorder
• major depressive disorder
• mood disorders
• paraoxonase 1
• quality of life

Acknowledgements

D.G.C. is a junior fellow and D.S.B. and S.O.V.N. are senior fellows from Fundação Araucária. K.L.B. received a PhD fellowship from CAPES. M.M. is supported by a visiting researcher fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq) at the Graduation Program in Health Sciences, UEL. This study was funded by grants from CNPq (470344/2013-0 and 465928/2014-5).

Statement of interest

None to declare.

Additional information

Funding

D.G.C. is a junior fellow and D.S.B. and S.O.V.N. are senior fellows from Fundação Araucária. K.L.B. received a PhD fellowship from CAPES. M.M. is supported by a visiting researcher fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq) at the Graduation Program in Health Sciences, UEL. This study was funded by grants from CNPq [470344/2013-0 and 465928/2014-5].