Hair hormones in male youth with internet gaming disorder

Abstract

Objectives: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is associated with altered physiological reactivity to psychosocial stress. Findings from a previous study on alterations of basal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, indexed by differences in hair hormone levels (i.e., cortisol) in IGD patients compared to matched controls, were limited by a small sample size.

Methods: Following the protocol of the previous study, male patients with IGD (n = 31) and controls (n = 31) matched for age, educational status and smoking were recruited. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were assessed using structured interviews and self-reports. Hair samples were taken for the analysis of cortisol, cortisone, testosterone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and corticosterone.

Results: Groups showed no significant differences on cortisol (d = −0.10, 95%CI (−0.60; 0.40)), cortisone (d = −0.10, 95%CI (−0.60; 0.40)), testosterone (d = −0.00, 95%CI (−0.51; 0.51)), progesterone (d = −0.46, 95%CI (−0.96; 0.05)), DHEA (d = −0.04, 95%CI (−0.54; 0.47)) or corticosterone (d = −0.19, 95%CI (−0.69; 0.32)). Associations between hair hormone concentrations, symptom severity and sociodemographic variables were weak and did not survive correction for multiple testing.

Conclusions: Unlike other psychiatric disorders, effects of IGD and associated psychopathology on basal HPA axis functioning, indexed by hair hormone levels, are negligible. Future studies need to rule out potential effects of sex, age and long-term pathology on these findings.

Keywords:

• Adolescents
• stress
• cortisol
• internet gaming disorder
• hair hormones

Acknowledgements

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Ethical standards

The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.

Statement of interest

None to declare.

Notes

1 Note: given the reference limit, references to questionnaires and interviews used in the present study are not provided. Full reporting is provided in a corresponding article (Kaess et al. 2017).