https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8248-3146
![Sample our Engineering & Technology journals, sign in here to start your access, latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5933/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Engineering-Tech.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
The present study investigated the relationships among nine Service Level Benchmarking performance indicators (PI) of urban water supply in India using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The findings of ISM have indicated per capita water supply (PCS) as a dependent variable, while water quality is an autonomous variable; complaint redressal and collection efficiency of water charges are driving variables, and the remaining five are linkage variables. Further, fsQCA was used to validate the results of ISM across 53 Indian million-plus cities in the three Baseline Water Stress (BWS) regions, including 17 low-to-high (< 40%), 13 high (40-80%), and 23 very high (> 80%) BWS cities. With PCS as the output condition and the remaining eight PIs as input conditions, fsQCA indicated that low-to-high and high BWS cities follow the ISM results. In contrast, very high BWS cities exhibit contradictory relations to the ISM results.
Disclosure statement
The authors confirm that no known conflicts of interest are associated with this publication.
Nomenclature
| BWS: | = | Baseline Water Stress |
| CE: | = | Efficiency in Collection of Water Charges |
| CMP: | = | Efficiency of customer complaints redressal |
| CNT: | = | Continuity of water supplied |
| COV: | = | Coverage of Water Supply connections |
| CR: | = | Recovery of Operation and Maintenance Costs |
| FsQCA: | = | Fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis |
| ISM: | = | Interpretive Structural Modelling |
| lpcd: | = | liters per capita/day |
| MoUD: | = | Ministry of Urban Development |
| MTR: | = | Extent of Metering |
| NRW: | = | The extent of Non-Revenue Water |
| PCS: | = | Per capita water supply |
| PI: | = | Performance Indicator |
| PMS: | = | Performance Measurement System |
| QL: | = | Quality of Water Supplied |
| SLB: | = | Service Level Benchmark |
| ULB: | = | Urban Local Body |