Coastal cities-wide estimation of daily class A pan evaporation from few hydrometeorological variables

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the accuracy of the experimental models in two standard and optimized cases using data from meteorological stations located on the northern and southern coasts of Iran. The results show that the spatial distribution / different hydrometeorological conditions are quite effective in the accuracy of the models. However, KNF and Papadakis lead to the most accurate estimation among the standard models. The optimization significantly increases all models' accuracy except Papadakis, indicating its remarkable robustness in coastal cities. Comparison between all models demonstrates that the Linacre-1994 optimal model has the best accuracy. Findings reveal that wind speed is the second variable affecting pan evaporation in coastal cities after the vapor pressure deficit. In addition, the form of wind speed inclusion in the Trabert model significantly affects its inaccuracy. Elevation and latitude variables do not affect estimating pan evaporation in coastal cities considering optimization findings.

KEYWORDS:

• Experimental Models
• Optimization
• Free Surface Evaporation
• Sea
• Data Analysis

Acknowledgements

This manuscript is extracted from research that Iran Meteorological Organization supports related data, and the authors are grateful to the Authority for providing the conditions for conducting this research.

Disclosure statement

No conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Authors’ contributions

Mehdi Mohammadi: Formal analysis, Modeling.

Meysam Salarijazi: Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Authorship.

Khalil Ghorbani: Visualization.

Amir-Ahmad Dehghani: Validation

Availability of data and material

The data supporting this study’s findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

The program/code supporting this study’s findings is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Ethics approval

We follow the principles of ethics, as it is mentioned, in conducting and publishing this research.

Consent to participate

The authors consented to participate in the research.

Research highlights

• The accuracy of a wide range of experimental models in two standard and optimized modes (in a set of 14 models) using data from meteorological stations on Iran’s northern and southern coasts were studied.

• Among the standard models, KNF and Papadakis models have led to the most accurate estimation and, therefore, can be used in conditions of inaccessibility of pan evaporation data.

• The optimization significantly increased the accuracy of all models except Papadakis, indicating this model’s remarkable robustness in coastal cities.

• Comparison between all models indicates that the Linacre-1994 optimal and Antal optimal models had the best accuracy.

• According to the input variables of selected models, it can be concluded that after the vapour pressure deficit, wind speed is the second variable affecting pan evaporation in coastal cities.

Data Information

Evaporation of water from the open surface is very important in some urban sites such as lakes, reservoirs, and water projects. Therefore, engineers and researchers are interested in estimating evaporation from the water surface in related designs. In this study, experimental models, calibration, and evaluation of them in coastal urban areas have been investigated. Data and information from several coastal urban areas have been used to increase the reliability of this study.

The data that support this study are available via the corresponding author upon reasonable request.