The duration and dynamics of leisure among the working population in Poland. A time-use approach

Abstract

Social differentiation in leisure time-use patterns has been found in many developed countries with long-standing capitalist traditions. Thus far, however, little is known about the countries with relatively younger capitalist economies, such as post-socialist nations in Central and Eastern Europe, where, until recently, social inequality has not been significant in magnitude. This study employs time-use data for Poland to examine the relationship between social class characteristics and four dimensions of leisure: duration; fragmentation; diversity of activities; and complexity of time-use sequences. The results demonstrate that respondent's occupation and education have a significant effect on all of these parameters. Much of the effect of occupational characteristics, however, is explained by differences in leisure duration, which seems to be the main cause of differences in leisure dynamics across occupational categories. Nevertheless, the variety of leisure activities, associated primarily with the level of education, remains a dimension of significant differentiation even when duration of leisure is held constant. These findings point to two major drivers of leisure differentiation in Poland. The first is occupational class linked with the duration of leisure and, most likely, work time arrangements. The second is related to respondent's education, and fairly independent of leisure duration. Together, these factors affect both the quantitative (duration and fragmentation) and qualitative (diversity) dimensions of leisure. This serves as an evidence on the existence of social differentiation in leisure in Poland, which also relates it to previous findings from Western societies. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of characteristics of leisure patterns for the leisure experience and individual wellbeing.

Keywords:

• leisure
• time-use
• inequality
• social class
• Poland

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Liana C. Sayer, Matthew di Carlo, and the anonymous Reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.

Notes

1. I do not use the complete ISCO-88 1-digit list, but collapsed categories. Army was not included because of a too low number of observations.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Center in Poland Preludium grant [grant number 2012/05/N/HS6/03884].