Hyperaccumulation of Metals by Thlaspi caerulescens as Affected by Root Development and Cd–Zn/Ca–Mg Interactions

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to study, in a rhizobox experiment, the phytoextraction of metals by the hyperaccumulator plant Thlaspi caerulescens in relation to the heterogeneity of metal pollution. Six treatments were designed with soils containing various levels of metals. Homogeneous soils and inclusions of soils in other soil matrices were prepared in order to vary metal concentration and localization. Growth parameters of the plant (rosette diameter and shoot biomass) and localization of roots and shoot uptake of Zn, Cd, Ca, and Mg were determined after 10 weeks of growth. The plants grown on the polluted industrial soils provided a larger biomass and had lower mortality rates than those grown on the agricultural soil. Moreover, these plants accumulated more Zn and Cd (up to 17,516 and 375 mg kg^{− 1} DM, respectively) than plants grown on the agricultural soil (up to 7300 mg Zn kg^{− 1} and 83 mg Cd kg^{− 1} DM). The roots preferentially explored metal-contaminated areas. The exploration of polluted soil inclusions by the roots was associated with a higher extraction of metals. Zinc and Cd in the shoots of Thlaspi caerulescens were negatively correlated with Ca and Mg concentrations; however, the soil supply for these two elements was identical. This suggests that there is competition for the uptake of these elements and that Zn is preferentially accumulated.

Keywords:

• polluted soil
• phytoextraction
• Thlaspi caerulescens
• Zn–Cd
• micronutrients
• rhizobox
• roots

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to thank the European Community (Program PHYTOREM), the company Ingérop, and the Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maⁱtrise de l'Energie (Ademe). They are also indebted to Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux and the Etablissement Public de la Métropole Lorraine for financial support of this research.