Identifying the Internet of Things (IoT) implementation benefits for sustainable construction project

ABSTRACT

Understanding the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in sustainable construction projects. Implementing the IoT in sustainable construction schemes can offer many benefits, including resource management, remote control and monitoring, improving safety, optimizing building performance and data-driven decision-making. This research presents a unique effort to enhance our comprehension of IoT implementation in such projects. We analyzed 55 studies using a systematic approach to literature selection and filtration, using theoretical models for Internet of Things (IoT) implementation to study the sustainability of construction industries. The results revealed that monitoring constituted 9 (16.4%), machine/equipment control 2 (3.6%), safety in construction 5 (9.1%), water management 4 (7.3%), 4IR 2 (3.6%), BIM 5 (9.1%), green IoT 5 (9.1%), prefabricated design 2 (3.6%), IoT adoption level 6 (10.9%), and other aspects accounted for 15 (27.3%). The primary areas of IoT application in the construction industry include BIM, remote application monitoring, construction management, repair and equipment services, construction implements, and tracking equipment. Notably, there is a lack of research awareness regarding the potential integration of IoT and BIM by construction companies. Despite numerous studies on IoT adoption, limited literature addresses the challenges and awareness of how IoT tools impact implementation in the building industry. Our review proposes a framework for implementing sustainable construction projects to address this gap. However, further investigation is required to analyze potential security threats associated with IoT in a smart city setting, explore promising countermeasures, and delve into open research issues.

KEYWORDS:

• Internet of things
• sustainable construction
• construction monitoring
• IoT implementation
• IoT
• construction project

Introduction

The traditional construction method (on-site) is debatably time-consuming, liable to accidents, inefficient, and significantly overburdens automation in construction. It is also associated with environmental and air pollution. In some underdeveloped nations, large construction projects have caused severe environmental and health consequences associated with poor social welfare among people [1–3]. However, off-site construction steers in a new construction method that adopts principles of lean construction, reducing waste generation and enhancing quick delivery of projects through improved quality, safety and client satisfaction by turning the building process away from a physical project site to a more automated construction environment [1,4]. Automated construction-based prefabrication (or production) connotes some forms of automation that move particular phases of construction project development from the physical project site to the off-site industrial unit [5–7]. The different construction components are produced in a factory environment and hauled to the leading site for on-site construction.

Notwithstanding the well-credited paybacks of the off-site building methods and their supposed drive for automation in construction, the speed at which this approach is adopted is progressively slow, particularly in developing countries. Poor supply chain management for off-site building systems initiates delayed precast components delivery, project time and cost overrun and monotonous management operations [1,8,9]. Therefore, the success of the off-site project construction procedure is primarily contingent on the resourceful and automated management of supply chains. Although managing international business markets for off-site construction has generated powerful competitive business atmospheres that drive the business flow via automated supply chains, modern supply chains are multifarious, vulnerable and expensive to manage [1,10,11]. The off-site construction industry needs interconnected supply chain systems that will offer improved information integration, channels of communication, and industry processes in cyberspace – the survival of off-site construction companies in these intricate commercial atmospheres [12]. Wang et al. [13] argued that the supply chains must be more structurally resilient and flexible to adjust to the critical variations in the market by being reliable, responsive resilient and building an operational business with clients, suppliers and end users, which can be achieved through IoT [14,15].

The Internet of Things (IoT) remains one of the significant enablers and drivers that essentially stimulate efficient supply chain management [16,17]. Using IoT, supply chains can effectively manage business weaknesses and threats. Apart from that, various global processes in companies, including vendors, clients, and end users, can be incorporated by procuring and conveying data and improving operational communication [18,19]. The incorporation enhances decent decision-making and eventually increases the supply chain performance. Paradoxically, the availability of data has never been a critical problem.

Therefore, construction projects in future will require Industry 4.0 implementation and IoT technologies [20]. However, the building sector has lagged behind other sectors in applying these tools and faces substantial challenges. The construction industry is lagging in applying innovative new technologies in construction projects [21,22].

Therefore, an extensive literature review is required to identify the essential paradigms and factors which can be tested cautiously. For instance, Maqbool et al. assessed a study on evolving industry 4.0 and IoT tools in the building sector regarding their benefits, sustainability, and challenges in implementation. Results indicated that these technologies could add sustainable policy requisites to tendering, with the most pressing tool being the lack of skills and talent in applying IoT tools and industry 4.0. Hence, an attempt was made to model the constraints of IoT on supply chain management in construction projects [1]. Notwithstanding tenacious calls for cleaner production and increased building process automation, the adoption of IoT in construction business supply chain management has been downcast due to different constraints. Kazmi and Sodangi [1] methodologically identified and ranked the critical factors hindering the IoT application in construction. The lack of a clear strategy for controlling IoT applications in managing the supply chain appeared to be the foremost barrier to IoT implementation in the construction industry.

However, the lack of technologies for obtaining and processing large amounts of data and the frustrating delay between the collection of data-making decisions have been persistently impacting the performance of the supply chain. Therefore, IoT seeks to curtail these delays by guaranteeing that supply chains react to vagaries in real time [23–25]. Further, it seeks to streamline the remote management of supply chain processes, enhance coordination among agents and improve data accuracy for up-to-date decision-making. Consequently, this review attempts to answer why Internet of Things (IoT) implementation is essential for sustainable construction. Thus, this review will increase our understanding of IoT technologies’ roles in the construction business. IoT tools are strategic for tracking project site apparatuses, machines and equipment. IoT technologies help to increase efficiency and cut operation costs by facilitating accurate monitoring. Instant location and retrieval of tools are expedited by IoT technologies, minimizing resources and time spent on misplaced items tracking [26,27].

Why is it essential to study IoT implementation for sustainable construction projects?

The application of IoT in construction projects has been increasing since technology can offer full support to construction projects in realizing significant project delivery efficiency. Specifically, IoT applications in construction projects offer the following benefits.

1. Wearables are some of the most common IoT tools for many people and one of the most obliging in construction. Over 25% of fatalities occur in the construction industry [28,29]. However, wearables can aid by notifying employees of harmful circumstances. Sensors in configured helmets can monitor body temperature and heart rates to realize when workers are at risk of overexertion and alert them to a break [30,31]. Thus, proximity sensors can notify employees when they approach a fall exposure or heavy machinery, averting mishaps.

2. Safety Sensors: On-vehicle or on-site safety sensors are an analogous IoT application in construction with substantial benefits [32,33]. Just as wearables offer valuable safety data concerning employees, these devices can do the same for the entire work site. Estimates revealed that 75% of stuck-by-accidents comprise heavy-duty machinery. IoT sensors on this device can notify operators or stop the machine automatically if they get closer to another operator to avert mishaps [34,35].

3. Monitoring of Materials: The IoT tolls can also be used to monitor materials. Concrete sensors are among the leading examples [36,37]. After placing joined sensors in concrete, construction crews can inspect the curing process or check if it requires repairs. Since concrete curing can vary with elements like humidity and temperature, there is no definite timeline for completion [38].

4. Prevention of theft: Prevention of Theft is another fast-growing aspect of IoT applications in construction [39,40]. Project sites are vital targets of thieves, owing to their costly tools and comparatively low security. As the cost of building materials increases, this theft could increase, but IoT gadgets can aid in fitting theft [41,42]. Coupled drones can patrol project sites without requiring a human security arrangement.

5. Waste management: Construction crews apply IoT tools to track and reduce waste. Demolition and construction operations generated about 600 million tons in 2018 without including wasted energy and other fuel [43,44]. IoT tracking offers an understanding of the industry’s need to reduce waste. Construction crews can consequently adjust as required, reducing their consumption of fuel.

Thus, answers provided concerning the question above highlight our novel attempt to address the need for further research to improve our understanding of the critical barriers to IoT implementation and identify the benefits of IoT implementation for sustainable construction projects. These are essential since IoT is a transformative concept where every day focus objects link to the Internet to receive and share data, affecting different industries worldwide seamlessly.

Previous studies on IoT implementation for sustainable construction projects indicated a considerable increase in IoT applications in the construction sector [21,45–48]. Emerging 4IR and IoT tools in the construction industry concerning benefits, implementation challenges and sustainability were analyzed by Maqbool et al. [21]. Results revealed that smart building was the most popular 4IR tool in the construction industry. A major benefit of these tools is that they add sustainable policy requirements to contracts, with the most pressing tool being the lack of skills and talent in 4IR and IoT applications. Trends and patterns of IoT research concerning the future applications in the construction industry showed that the major impact of IoT implementation in the construction industry comprised instant reporting, full process control, data flare-up leading to deep data analytics, strict interoperability, data security and privacy, flexible policy structures, suitable contracts models and planning. IoT and blockchain-based smart construction for sustainability of prefabricated housing construction by Li et al. [47] developed a platform-based smart construction service network of prefabricated buildings. IoT and blockchain enhance safe data transmission and full-quality supervision. Real-time monitoring schedule of quality, cost and security in the prefabricated building enhanced sustainability innovation and the practical application of incorporated supply chain management was seamless.

Despite significant research output on IoT applications and construction projects’ sustainability, numerous gaps still need to be addressed. These comprised standardization and interoperability, data privacy and security, optimizing energy efficiency, environmental impact and lifecycle assessment, cost-effectiveness and scalability, user adoption and acceptance and incorporation with BIM. Although IoT tools provide immense potential for collecting data and computerization in building projects, there is a dearth of standardization and interoperability between various IoT platforms and maneuvers. Research should establish standards that allow seamless incorporation of different IoT solutions to maximize their advantages in construction sustainability. Similarly, with the increase in IoT devices gathering vast amounts of data on construction sites, warranting the privacy and security of data remains a considerable concern. Thus, research is needed to establish strong privacy protocols and security measures to protect sensitive data gathered by IoT maneuvers. Though IoT contributes to energy saving in building projects by improving resource use and energy consumption monitoring, there is a need for more research on creating advanced algorithms and forecasting models to enhance energy use. These comprised real-time monitoring and energy control systems in construction and project sites.

The objective of sustainable construction projects is to minimize environmental impact throughout the lifecycle of a building, from building to operation and flattening. Thus, research is required to assess how IoT tools can enable comprehensive lifecycle assessments and improve the decision-making process to lessen environmental impact successfully. Many IoT solutions face issues related to cost-effectiveness and scalability. Research developing scalable IoT cost-effectiveness and architectures that can be used across different building projects, irrespective of their scale or budget limitations. Successful adoption of IoT in sustainable building projects depends largely on user adoption and acceptance. Thus, factors affecting the adoption and acceptance of IoT technologies among construction participants, such as architects, contractors, engineers and occupants, establish procedures to enhance their implementation.

Additionally, there is a need to explore ways to incorporate IoT tools with BIM systems to improve data interoperability, enhance project coordination, and facilitate the policy-making process for sustainable building projects. Hence, addressing these research gaps will advance our knowledge concerning the possible benefits of IoT in sustainable building and aid in overcoming the barriers and challenges to its broader adoption in the sector. Against this background, this study aims to identify IoT implementation benefits for sustainable construction projects.

Methods

The theoretical models for Internet of Things (IoT) implementation are extensively used to study the sustainability of construction industries. The model design is embraced since studying sustainable construction projects is a thought-provoking topic. This is due to the challenges construction industries and authorities face in maintaining and managing buildings sustainably (Figure 1). The preliminary review approach has been adopted from previous studies [49,50]. The guiding study interrogation for this analysis is: Why is it essential to study IoT implementation for sustainable construction projects? Databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, ERIC, JSTOR and IEEE were explored on 01/019/2023 using Figure 1 to formulate search terms and literature documentation as illustrated in Figure 1a. The search was limited to articles published in English and available from 2007 to 2023 (Table 1).

Figure 1a. Hypothetical framework for IoT implementation for a sustainable construction project.

Figure 1b. Research methodology.

Table 1. Search terms are used to query the database and catalog the results.

S/no.	Terms Classification	Terms used for searching
1	Monitoring Construction site	Building Executives can have real-time awareness of workers and machines.
2	Controlling machine	IoT devices can guide machines with greater precision and minimal human involvement.
3	Safety of Construction	Merging other tools, such as AI with IoT, safety procedures can be further improved, thereby guaranteeing the safety and health of employees.
4	Management Of fleet	IoT fleet management solutions can enhance transit paths and sustain vehicles.
5	Management Of project	IoT devices can expedite cost-cutting using site observing methods, keeping the project budget-friendly.

The Boolean positional operators (‘AND00, OR00. ‘SAME00, WITH00, ‘ADJ00) following Andrade et al. [51] and Wali and Alias [52] were used to explore the literature on IoT implementation for sustainable construction projects, identify and adequately screen the literature. Figure 1b further summarizes the research methodology. It illustrates the various phases of this study, from formulation of research terms and literature documentation, literature selection and inclusion, and classification of literature into different sections. Lastly, a framework for IoT implementation has been proposed.

Choosing a paper needs validation of IoT implementation for sustainable construction projects. Studies on IoT implementation for sustainable construction projects were deemed suitable as long as the IoT implementation was depicted. Consequently, 167,000 prospective papers were spotted, reducing to 916 based on eligibility and accessibility. Finally, fifty-five (55) articles were chosen for this assessment based on the criteria synopsized in Figure 2. Details of the selected articles are attached as Appendix A.

Figure 2. PRISMA flow chart illustrating literature assortment and enclosure process.

The physiognomies of the chosen papers are abridged in Figure B1 (Appendix B) and Table 2. Based on the summary, monitoring accounted for 9 (16.4%), Machine/equipment control 2 (3.6%), Safety in Construction 5 (9.1%), Water management 4 (7.3%), 4IR 2 (3.6%), BIM 5 (9.1%), Green IoT 5 (9.1%), Prefabricated Design 2 (3.6%), IoT adoption level 6 (10.9%). It accounted for 15 others (27.3%).

Table 2. Major descriptive faces of selected studies.

S/no	IoT Aspect	No of Studies	Percentage (%)
1	Monitoring	9	16.4
2	Machine/equipment control	2	3.6
3	Safety in Construction	5	9.1
4	Water management	4	7.3
5	4IR	2	3.6
6	BIM	5	9.1
7	Green IoT	5	9.1
8	Prefabricated Design	2	3.6
9	IoT adoption level	6	10.9
10	Other	15	27.3
		55	100

Results

Monitoring of construction using the Internet of Things

The major faces of reviewed articles incorporated in this review are summarized in the supplementary material attached to this study (Appendix A). Construction monitoring accounted for 16.4% of Internet of Things (IoT) implementation studies for sustainable construction projects. Oke and Arowoiya [49] assessed IoT application areas within the construction industry using structured questionnaires. Findings revealed that BIM, remote application monitoring, construction management, repair and equipment services, construction implements, and tracking equipment are the foremost areas of IoT application in the building industry. Findings further offered insight into various areas where IoT applies to the building industry. The study also highlights how IoT applications could be enhanced through training, workshops, conferences, and seminars for building experts who want to keep themselves updated about ICT trends, particularly IoT. Thus, the adoption of IoT aids in achieving sustainable construction projects with increased convenience [53]. In the Netherlands, an attempt was made concerning IoT applications to establish a practical approach to evaluating and supervising the IoT’s contribution to sustainability. Wolfert and Isakhanyan [54] provided a case study and illustrated how various subsectors employ monitoring and evaluation techniques in five cases. The study revealed how the technique is validated and applied. Further, the results revealed an overall positive impact of IoT in enhancing sustainability. However, these findings are also partly influenced by other decisive external factors that are difficult to discern in practical conditions.

Consequently, IoT has been considered a reliable tool for construction monitoring. Singh et al. [55] explored the challenges and opportunities of cloud manufacturing, 3D printing and IoT tools in construction projects to realize sustainability. Integrating IoT, CM, and 3DP enables us to digitalize buildings and provide computerized and reliable features to the users. Recent research on 3D printing and cloud development is being examined by classifying them into multiple sections comprising 3D printing (3DP) technology for resource access, 3DP-cloud platform service designs, optimized 3DP service technology configuration, 3DP service evaluation tool and 3D service Monitoring and controlling tools. In addition, the study explored and analyzed the limitations of the available literature and provided significant recommendations, including automation with robotics, 3DP predictive analytics, and 5 G technology-based IoT-based CM for future improvements.

Barriers to the application and safety management of IoT-based technologies can be analyzed to identify how these barriers hinder the use of IoT technologies in construction site safety monitoring (CSSM). Tabatabaee et al. [56] argued that the barriers related to reducing productivity resulting from wearable sensors, the need for continuous monitoring and technical training were most important. While limitations on software and hardware and a dearth of efforts toward standardization, the requirement for proper light for smooth operation and safety hazards comprised the insignificant barriers.The current results only offer new insight to academics. However, they have provided practical guidelines to participants at the forefront by enabling them to understand the critical barriers to adopting IoT technologies in CSSM.

There are many areas of IoT application, including construction monitoring and operation, safety and health management, management of construction logistics, and facility management [57]. Thus, five integration techniques were summarized: BIM tools application API, relational archive, modifying BIM data into a relational achieve using new data outline, establishing new search language, using semantic web tools, and hybrid method. Based on the identified limitations, primary future research paths are recommended, concentrating on web services-based strategies and service-oriented architecture (SOA) patterns for IoT and BIM integration, establishing data integration and management standards, and resolving interoperability cloud computing issues [57]. Consequently, data regarding the construction site can be gathered correctly, efficiently, and in real-time, enabling management to improve decision-making. IoT helps monitor workers, different types of devices and equipment and the required materials to execute construction projects, as illustrated by Figure B2 (Appendix B). Thus, each part of the construction can be monitored using IoT technology. Sarkar et al. [58] suggested developing an IoT platform to establish an integrated cloud-based IoT platform for asset management. Using the platform concerning record keeping amid the component production and transportation process could lessen it by 30%.

Additionally, the cycle time for transporting and casting each precast component can be lessened by 17%. This indicated that there is an improvement in monitoring production efficiency. The findings of the prototype showed that the platform can be applied at project sites for real-time asset management and monitoring. IoT-based environmental monitoring and management enable the introduction a new integrated information system [59]. The application layer offers storage, processing, organizing and management. The literature further indicated a visible, increasing air temperature trend and an apparent rising trend of rainfall. Based on the correlation between environmental indicators, the availability of water resources is the decisive element concerning construction environment monitoring in the area. Monitoring of construction using the Internet of Things involves inserting devices, sensors and networks into different components of the construction activities to collect data in real-time or near real-time. It typically works through sensor deployment, data collection, data transmission, data analysis and processing, notifications and alerts, decision supports, remote control and monitoring, BIM integration and continuous improvement. Generally, monitoring construction using IoT tools provides many benefits, such as improved efficiency, increased safety, cost savings and better project outcomes.

Controlling machines or equipment using IoT technology

Results indicated that machine/equipment control accounted for 3.6% of the articles analyzed. The safe and productive operation of heavy machines requires different proactive measures. As more construction companies apply IoT, some of those actions may require investment in sensor equipment, training operators to analyze data collected, and assisting them in making the best of that improved connectivity. IoT in high-risk environments, health and safety (EHS), were investigated concerning IoT-based applications in high-risk- EHS companies. Thibaud et al. [60] highlighted IoT challenges and offered solutions for high-risk EHS companies. The study presented research challenges and expected trends for IoT in these companies. IoT adoption drivers and supply chain management (SCM) concerning theoretical integration have indicated 14 drivers relating to SCM and IoT, which were further analyzed to determine the most critical drivers [61]. Based on the analysis, business knowledge expertise, effective logistics schemes, and data safety assurance are the leading driving factors. Hence, results could help experts adopt IoT in supply chains to resolve disruptions, vulnerabilities, and risks in the post-pandemic period.

A methodical analysis of the relationship between BIM and IoT in construction companies was also examined, and the potential for incorporating BIM-IoT in the building business was examined [62]. IoT and BIM have been widely used individually in various aspects of building schemes, including construction risk and safety assessment, construction conflict management, construction sustainability, and on-site building monitoring processes [63]. However, there is a dearth of research awareness concerning the possibilities of IoT-BIM integration in building companies. Controlling equipment or machines using IoT tools involves linking physical devices to the Internet to exchange and collect data, allowing remote control and monitoring (Figure B3). This process comprises sensor integration, connectivity, data processing, remote monitoring, computerization, integration with other systems, and security. Generally, controlling equipment or machines using IoT tools provides many advantages, such as increased efficiency, reduced downtime, predictive maintenance and improved safety. Likewise, it comes with challenges, including ensuring data privacy, scalability, and interoperability.

Safety in construction using IoT technology

Construction safety studies comprised 5 (9.1%) of analyzed articles. Thibaud et al. [60] investigated IoT-based applications in high-risk- EHS companies. Their study highlighted IoT challenges and offered solutions for high-risk EHS companies. The study further presented research challenges and expected trends for IoT in these companies. Professional and user aspects of sustainable computing based on IoT were explored, and the aspects linked to human factors were categorized as critical factors for IoT adoption by the maturity models [64]. The actual integration and expansion of applications based on IoT rely on the capacity to explore the necessary professional profiles and skills critical for adopting IoT schemes and perception of the relevant aspects for users, including legal, privacy and security concerns. The study discovered the professional and user aspects of IoT sustainability.

IoT-enabled uncrewed aerial vehicles for project site inspection can help to present the integration of modern IoT trends with uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). The usage of IoT-enabled autonomous aerial vehicles to ensure safety and health measures at the site has been emphasized. They summarized the significant shortcomings and limitations of current techniques for the same purpose, comprising optimization matters in planning path, lightweight AI and computer vision algorithms, coordination in IoT communication, and scalability of IoT network. This study will help explore various open research issues further. IoT technology has revolutionized construction companies’ safety management, improving site safety. It enables the achievement of safety via intelligent sensors that gather and convey real-time data associated with the activities of workers, locations, movements, and health status, as indicated by Figure B4 (Appendix B).

Figure B4 illustrates the basic IoT concept: i) sensors gather and convey data to the data storage and collection platform spontaneously; ii) gathered data is kept in a particular format and processed for building the model; iii) valuable data from the model is applied to suitable decision-making to enhance the system and improve the deployment of the sensor, and iv) accurate data is gathered to enhance system performance and avert near-miss incidents on the project site. IoT tools can significantly improve project site safety by offering real-time data collection, monitoring, and analysis. IoT contributes via wearable devices, environmental monitoring, equipment monitoring, site surveillance, safety compliance and training, predictive analytics, and emergency response systems. Remote control and monitoring. IoT technology, leveraging in construction, can enable stake holders to create a safer working environment, lessen accidents, enhance productivity, and eventually save lives. However, it is important to address data privacy, cybersecurity and interoperability concerns to maximize the advantages of implementing IoT.

Water management using IoT in construction projects

Based on the summarized literature in Table A1, water management constituted 7.3%. Gloria et al. (2020) have studied IoT and sustainable water management to introduce a novel technique for water system management using a wireless sensor network. The scheme can save real-time data and apply it to determine the precise water quantity. Thus, saving about 34% of water using only temperature inputs is possible. Apart from a detailed system architecture, this study comprises a real-time scenario application. For instance, Sharma et al. [65] analyzed IoT adoption barriers to smart cities’ waste water management and established a framework of IoT implementation barriers in systems of waste water management in smart cities. The study employed hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods and identified 15 barriers to IoT adoption. Results revealed that the dearth of directions, regulations, and policy guidelines, as well as the absence of internet networks and standardization, are the most influential barriers hindering the development of smart cities, especially in waste management practices. Thus, results will aid policymakers, stakeholders, and authorities in understanding the major IoT barriers impacting water management practices and will certainly assist in undertaking decisions to eradicate these barriers for improved IoT adoption. Perumal et al. [66] proposed a real-time IoT-based water monitoring system that measures the water level. Their model was built on the idea that the water level can be a critical parameter for flood incidences, particularly in risk-prone areas. A water level sensor is applied to trace the desired parameter, and if the water level touches the parameter, the indicator will be fed in real time to the water distribution network. A cloud server was designed as the data repository. The measurement of water levels is demonstrated in a remote dashboard, which enables sustainable water management.

It is essential to assess sustainable water management based on IoT, automate water storage and distribution, and reduce wastage [67]. Based on requirement analysis, the study proposed a designed IoT system. The study discovered that challenges while developing a system are multi-faceted. The dearth of awareness, illiteracy, and digital barriers among construction workers had to be resolved. Besides, establishing a system scenario that integrates sustainability components is needed further. Deploying a structure helped facilitate construction concerning water accessibility. As the model framework in the installed water system is validated, the network will be operated.

Effective water supply management at construction sites can be among the significant areas of IoT applications [68]. Water supply efficiency can be measured remotely using IoT by monitoring overflow, leakage conditions and, eventually, the whole construction site. The system where IoT is being applied comprises entrenched hardware in which sensors and microcontrollers offer messages and gain feedback from each other with the aid of the Internet. This process can be monitored and regulated remotely, as shown in Figure B5 (Appendix B). In IoT techniques for water supply management, scalability is crucial because water management systems need to adapt to changing demands, population growth, and environmental factors [69,70]. Implementing scalable IoT solutions ensures that as the system grows or more devices are added (such as sensors for monitoring water levels, quality, or pipeline conditions), the infrastructure can handle the increased data flow and processing requirements without significant performance degradation [71,72].

In the case of IoT techniques for water supply management, replicability allows successful solutions to be deployed in various regions or communities facing similar challenges [73]. This is particularly important for addressing water management issues common across different geographic locations, such as drought management, leak detection, or water quality monitoring [74]. The proposed method’s replicability ensures that effective solutions can be implemented in multiple settings, maximizing their impact and reducing the need to reinvent the wheel in each location. By focusing on scalability and replicability, IoT techniques can help improve water supply management by providing real-time data, optimizing resource allocation, identifying inefficiencies, and enabling proactive maintenance and interventions [75,76]. This enhances operational efficiency and contributes to sustainability efforts and resilience in water-related challenges. In construction projects, water management using IoT involves adopting smart technology to optimize, control, and monitor water usage throughout the project duration. This can be achieved using smart sensors, data gathering and analysis, remote control and monitoring, leak prevention and detection, computerized irrigation systems, monitoring water quality, incorporation with building management systems (BMS), real-time notifications and alerts, data reporting and visualization, flexibility and scalability. Adopting IoT-based water management in building schemes aids in conservation of water resources, enhances operational efficiency, lessens costs, and improves sustainability.

Industry 4.0, building information modelling, green IoT and prefabricated design

Results further revealed that Industry 4.0 accounted for 3.6%, BIM (9.1%), green IoT 5 (9.1%), and prefabricated design 2 (3.6%) of the summarized literature in Table A1. Overcoming IoT project implementation challenges requires addressing eight significant challenges: data gathering and management, administration, innovation, cost, technology integration, efficient environment, security, people, business solutions and value addition. Martens et al. [77] further identified seven actions for resolving challenges: scalability, architecture, sustainability and project reliability, ensuring support and security, resources, data, and project administration and interaction processes. Thus, their study contributed primarily to the literature, explaining the co-occurrence and the relationships between actions and challenges. Thus, results could guide experts in IoT project implementation.

Integrating IoT and BIM in construction can help to investigate the corresponding IoT and BIM research fields. Chen et al. [78] argued that the BIM-IoT integration research concentrating on construction intelligence with BIM as the foundation for applying and investigating IoT-BIM integration in construction sustainability concentrates on the initial life cycle phases. BIM offers a framework for data sharing and communication between participants involved in the total life cycle of construction. Likewise, it enables inhabitants to build sustainable planning and decision-making [78]. More emerging tools, including big data and cloud computing, are required to enhance sustainable construction and realize building-sustaining intelligent towns. Similarly, researchers must pay attention to the viable transformation of existing buildings.

Network and bibliometric analysis of IoT, BIM and digital twin (DT) was conducted to observe the application of IoT, BIM and DT in the building industry [79]. The study demonstrated that IoT, BIM and DT in building, heritage BIM, BIM, intelligent contracts, ontology, AR and VR in DT and BIM are major research themes. Numerous future aspects for further research are identified, comprising metaverse and BIM tools. Metaheuristic algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) for BIM optimization, IoT, and circular economy [79]. Exploiting IoT and BIM for managing cognitive buildings can define a digitally enabled framework for operating cognitive buildings. Pasini et al. [80] attempted a model framework development and identified a digitally enabled framework for operative cognitive buildings, offering a case study by which it has been possible to analyze how collected data amid operations could inform end-users. A link between as-designed virtual models and as-delivered physical assets could be created to explore how BIM technologies and practices can improve data-driven asset management via enriching construction data in operation. The findings should detect how information and data collected along the building lifecycle might offer services to operators.

Green IoT enabling technologies were used to explore how different enabling technologies could be organized effectively to realize a Green IoT [81]. The study discussed numerous IoT projects, applications, and regulation efforts that are presently being executed. The study identified some evolving challenges that need to be resolved in the future to implement Green IoT. Enhancing objects’ abilities and developing a smooth setting so that society benefits from IoT innovation. Wang [82] attempted a model development by adopting the concept of IoT to develop a green campus setting to realize the energy savings concepts. The architecture of the building campus is recognized, and three systems applications have been created. The results of this study enable efficient management of the campus’ air conditioners and computer laps. Thus, the network of sensors will enable energy efficiency since data is sporadically reported and the analysis is performed instantly, to trace issues.

It is essential to assess how IoT can enable a cleaner and greener environment through Green IoT. Gadre and Gadre [83] highlighted different tools and concerns about Green IoT and how it can increase energy efficiency. However, the study has enlightened the IoT concepts, their characteristics, security challenges, and trends for technology adoption. Modeling barriers to IoT and supply chain management can help identify and prioritize the critical factors that impede the application of IoT in off-site projects. Green IoT, visions, usages and research challenges were analyzed by Varjovi and Babaie [84] to identify effective measures for achieving GIoT at various levels. This study analyzed IoT technology’s business platforms and models, given the central role of environmental conservation in human life, by introducing active IT industries. However, the study exposed problems and directions of GIoT, comprising technical challenges, standardization, innovations and security, which were identified for future research. It is expected that operative policies for developing GIoT will be presented by resolving the salient tasks and articulating suitable standards. There is a need to address the green goal in the overall GIoT cycle, including production, design, usage and recycling/disposal.

Instances of successful integrations of IoT with industry 4.0 and BIM can have practical implications on smart building systems involving IoT sensors, Industry 4.0 automation, and BIM integration [85]. Similarly, it enhances manufacturing plant optimization using IoT-enabled equipment, Industry 4.0 analytics, and BIM facility planning [86]. Additionally, it improves supply chain visibility though industry 4.0 data analytics, IoT tracking devices and BIM for logistics planning [87]. Another potential practical application relates to smart infrastructure development via IoT-enabled infrastructure, industry 4.0 predictive maintenance and BIM for infrastructure management [48]. These examples illustrate how integrating IoT, Industry 4.0, and BIM can derive efficiency and innovation across various construction and manufacturing sectors to manage supply chain and infrastructure development. By leveraging real-time data advanced analytics and insights, companies can improve their operations, optimize decision making and boost overall project performance.

IoT implementation in construction offers exceptional challenges because of the desire to balance ecological sustainability with technological improvements [88,89]. In this review, some specific strategies for overcoming these challenges were identified. These comprised energy-efficient IoT gadgets, lifecycle assessment, renewable energy integration, optimized data transmission, material selection and eco-design, and regulatory standards and compliance. By implementing these strategies, construction companies can overcome challenges in green IoT and promote sustainable innovation that benefits society and the environment.

Adoption of IoT in the construction industry

IoT adoption level in the construction industry accounted for 10.9% of the analyzed studies. IoT capabilities and roles can be assessed to highlight the significance of using IoT-based tools in additive manufacturing. Ashima et al. [90] attempted a framework development. They identified the objectives of sustainable production that can be realized due to the adoption of IoT in 3D printing technology. Likewise, the IoT-based AM process is novel; limited sources exist in the field. IoT-enabled AM analysis has been performed and analyzed in detail to recognize application areas. Hence, IoT-enabled AM aids in creating sustainable resolutions for humankind and meeting clients’ demands in the defined period, contributing to mass personalization, the primary goal in 4IR. IoT application model and construction management are needed to prove how IoT adoption initiatives for supply-demand-side systems operate. Le et al. [91] attempted a model development.

The simulated interconnectedness of objects and humans exerts decision-making efficacy and responsive comfort for system operators, other third-party actors, and end users, leading to the adoption of IoT-based platforms for making and utilizing. Results further indicated the high competitive advantages of local industries. They proposed vertical incorporation in joint ventures as the entry approach for foreign financiers. Trends and patterns in IoT research were analyzed to identify and rank the perceived significance level of significant research fields related to the IoT and the construction industry. Ghosh et al. [45] applied an interpretive philosophical lens. Their findings indicated an area of study in a fledging phase, with an insignificant number of professionals working somewhat in isolation and proposing one-phase solutions rather than an integrated, all-inclusive method. The significant impact of IoT implementation in building business was identified as complete control of the process, high-speed reporting, explosion of data triggering data analytics, and strict legal and ethical expectations.

IoT adoption’s major drivers were data security and privacy, interoperability, flexible authority arrangement, proper business preparation and simulations. Thus, this study is the first scientometric analysis of the literature within the context of IoT applications in the building industry. Results uncovered knowledge gaps in current research, explicitly a broader consideration of company amendments required to acclimatize the application of IoT, economic analyses and barriers to broader acceptance. Technological proficiencies using IoT facilitate the eco-friendly adoption of construction industries, which are primarily facing challenges – Gaspar et al. [92] characterized companies involving medium and small industries regarding IoT adoption. The study revealed the level of maturity, complexity, opportunities, potential, solutions, and obstacles to IoT adoption. However, this study was based on 21 firms.

Hence, future studies should include a larger sample to increase characterization, representativeness and generalization of medium and small enterprises. IoT potentials in the building industry include outlining the need to understand concepts, applications, developments, and potential benefits of IoT in the building industry, which stakeholders must recognize before adoption. Dilakshan et al. [46] revealed that IoT expression is best comprehended as a metaphor that summarizes integrating all relevant things within connectivity and communications space. The study laid a foundation for increasing awareness to implement and facilitate IoT applications in building schemes. However, as revealed by this study, the absence of empirical literature on adopting the IoT model offers a valuable contribution to the increasing body of knowledge. Sustainable implementation and the benefits and challenges of evolving 4IR and IoT tools are essential for reassessing the state-of-the-art 4IR and IoT in terms of building and examining the level of understanding among experts concerning the benefits of IoT implementation [21]. The most significant benefit of these tools is that they will contribute to sustainable policy requirements, with the most pressing tool being the lack of skills and talent in applying 4IR and IoT tools. This study’s findings improved a sustainable pathway to the building industry community, establishing its relevance by incorporating major stakeholders and those involved in these technologies.

Moreover, this review provides some real-world examples of successful IoT adoption in construction projects, including smart construction sites, monitoring and maintenance of equipment, building automation systems, managing supply chain, safety monitoring and compliance [48]. Wearable sensors can track vital signs, detect falls, and alert emergency supervisors [93]. For instance, the construction firm Gilbane Building Company implemented a wearable IoT solution called SmartVest to monitor workers’ vital signs and detect signs of fatigue or distress, helping to prevent accidents and improve overall safety performance. These examples demonstrate how IoT adoption in construction projects can deliver tangible benefits such as improved efficiency, enhanced safety, cost savings, and better project outcomes. IoT implementation in the construction industry enables strategies for fostering a culture of innovation and overcoming resistance to change in construction management [94,95]. These strategies comprised leadership commitment, training and education, collaborative approach, pilot and proof of concepts, change management strategies, recognition and incentives. Thus, implementing these strategies by construction firms can promote a culture of innovation, overcome opposition to change, and maximize the benefits of IoT technology in construction schemes. Operative leadership, collaboration, education and change management are the critical components for driving successful IoT adoption in the building business.

The implementation of IoT in the building industry has been gaining traction over the last decade, transforming the mode in which building projects are designed, implemented, and managed. There are some major areas where IoT is making an impact. These comprised remote management and monitoring, safety monitoring, tracking and managing equipment, predictive maintenance, optimizing supply chain, energy management, smart infrastructure and automation, and informed decision-making. Generally, IoT adoption in the construction business holds immense potential to drive efficiency, improve safety and lessen costs throughout the project lifecycle. As technology evolves continuously, greater IoT integration can be expected to offer solutions in building activities, paving the way for a smarter, more sustainable built environment.

Other

Other aspects of Internet of Things (IoT) implementation for sustainable construction projects constituted 27.3% of the analyzed articles. Understanding IoT opportunities and challenges for international development based on UN SDGs could substantially contribute to environmental, social and economic development. This research’s findings can be applied successfully in developing nations. The framework focused on the IoT concerning profitable IoT programs in emerging economies concerning SDGs. Integrating pay-as-you-go low-cost IoT is the best scenario for developing IoT to realize the SDGs by 2030. IoT as an SDG facilitating tool concerning Smart Readiness Indicator(SRI) can be proposed as a measure-analyze-decide and act framework to measure SRI regarding environmental energy efficiency and COVID-19 inhibition models using an iterative approach [96]. Two theoretical spaces (digital and physical) within 2D infrastructures and users) are chosen over an IoT 3D model (data-driven decision, interoperable interaction and data acquisition). The study implemented an IoT environment (sensors) as a proof-of-concept for an innovative campus. Concerning CO₂ and energy efficiency supervising, the findings revealed effectiveness via real connections, representing the IoT perspective as SDG-enabling tools. However, these contributions enable experimental tests and a reference model for direct application in academic works, research projects, and formal creative projects, extendable to specialized settings and cities.

After implementing and installing IoT maneuvers on a city-wide scale, safeguarding these maneuvers and the related communications links becomes a critical problem [97]. Thus, further analysis of the potential security threats for IoT in a smart city setting, promising countermeasures, and open research issues need to be addressed by future studies. IoT-based innovative transportation networks for smart cities can augment intelligent transportation networks with ICT as a tool – for infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Recently, autonomous vehicles have gained particular attention, and many researchers are working to enhance this technology [98]. IoT-based innovative parking framework for smart cities was analyzed. Thus, with the advent of innovative city initiatives, the issues addressed in this study are critical. This study offered city planners, legislators, policymakers, and administrators a clear vision and idea.

IoT and inventory management might produce value for their companies by tapping into IoT technologies. Mashayekhy et al. [99] indicated an increased research on this topic. A wide range of periodicals are paying attention, particularly to IoT and releasing more results in this research direction. Improving a supply chain into an integrated 4IR supply is beneficial. Given the vicissitudes in 4th generation technology compared to preceding generations, the traditional inventory replenishment policies method appears unresponsive enough to new technologies. It cannot cope well with IoT systems. Promoting UN SDGs via IoT was reported by de Villiers et al. [100]. The study contributed to progress on the UN’s SDGs through framework development and outlined business opportunities for providing measurement tools connected to the Internet (IoT), which sends data into the blockchain, offering trusted data a motivation for others to contribute toward UN’s SDGs. Start-ups and existing businesses exploit these opportunities to stimulate employee participation, donations, volunteers, and other participants. The study provided a conceptual framework for the different ways businesses can play a role in facilitating the measurement of SDGs and trust in these capacities by connecting technology. IoT and Big data analytics were assessed by Sun et al. [101] to introduce a new concept called smart and connected communities (SCC). The study shed light on the challenges and opportunities of applying big data and IoT analytics to the cultural revitalization and preservation of SCC. The intelligent application of IoT and big data analytics is expected to breathe novel life into the traditional, close-knit culture of SCC. Hence, this study offers TreSight, combining IoT and big data analytics for intelligent tourism and sustainable cultural heritage.

IoT implementation in some areas showed robustness in improving cost efficiency and sustainable supply chains in agriculture, healthcare, smart cities, manufacturing, retail and transportation [102,103]. For instance, FarmBot is a robotic network the plants, waters and autonomously maintains crops. Firms such as Propeller health have created IoT-aided inhalers that track the use of medications and environmental factors to aid in managing COPD and asthma [104]. These gadgets collect data on where and when the inhaler is applied, along with information on air quality, offering insights to healthcare providers and patients. Smart parking spaces (e.g. San Francisco and Barcelona) have implemented smart parking systems that utilize sensors to detect the availability of parking spaces in real-time. In manufacturing (predictive maintenance), firms, including General Electric and Siemens, use IoT radars and machine learning algorithms to implement foretelling maintenance in manufacturing industries [105]. Smart shelves are relevant to retailing industries such as Walmart; Amazon is trying IoT-aided smart shelves that track inventory automatically in real-time using sensors and RFID tags on products that communicate with the shelf system for inventory data update [106]. Fleet management in transportation utilizes IoT to track their vehicles and enhance route planning and fuel efficiency [107,108]. These case studies illustrate the diverse uses of IoT across different industries, showcasing its impending to improve efficiency, lessen costs, and increase decision-making processes.

It is noteworthy to highlight the potential future trends and emerging technologies in IoT for sustainable construction projects to add forward-looking insights [109,110]. Some of these potential emerging technologies and future trends or sustainable construction projects. These comprised smart construction management systems, predictive maintenance, energy harvesting, block chain for supply chain transparency, and augmented reality for building [111,112]. Optimizing waste management, site monitoring using drones, prefabricated and modular construction, green compliance certification, Urban sensing and urban sensing, and integrating smart cities. IoT sensors integration into construction for real-time control and monitoring of energy use, lighting, temperature and occupancy can enhance resource utilization and waste reduction [113,114]. By embracing these technologies and trends, sustainable building projects can realize more smart and resilient cities.

Proposed framework

Novel cutting-edge technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), will continue to grow owing to its increasing relevance in the construction industry. The implementation of IoT in the construction industry is still in its early stages despite its enormous potential. IoT-based 4IR technologies are altering construction practices and existing construction models in the face of developing construction industries. This review proposed a theoretical framework for implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) for sustainable construction projects (Figure 3). The framework was founded on improved performance/management in the construction industry. It was based on the theoretical foundation of improved management/performance of construction projects monitoring, safety, project management, machine control, fleet management and sustainable construction management, which are driven by IoT within the context of 4IR and finally lead to the overall improvement of construction project’s performance.

Figure 3. The proposed theoretical framework of IoT implementation for sustainable construction projects.

IoT framework implementation involves many important phases, stakeholders, and challenges [115,116]. These major steps comprised identifying use cases, defining requirements, hardware and software selection, developing models, development and integration, analytics and data management, privacy and security, maintenance and scalability, managers and business owners, ICT departments, development teams, end users, regulators and compliance officers, external partners, interoperability, i.e. seamless interactions between various IoT platforms and devices, security risks, scalability and complexity, cost and regulatory compliance. After addressing these major phases involving pertinent major stakeholders and proactively resolving possible challenges, companies can improve the practical use of this IoT formwork [117,118].

Conclusion

Understanding Internet of Things (IoT) implementation for sustainable construction projects is essential. This study reports our novel attempt to increase our understanding of implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) for sustainable construction projects. The study employed a systematic approach to select and filter literature. Finally, 55 studies were chosen and analyzed. The general findings are as follows:

1. The physiognomies of the chosen papers are abridged in Figure B1 and Table 2. Based on the summary, monitoring accounted for 9 (16.4%), Machine/equipment control 2 (3.6%), Safety in Construction 5 (9.1%), Water management 4 (7.3%), 4IR 2 (3.6%), BIM 5 (9.1%), Green IoT 5 (9.1%), Prefabricated Design 2 (3.6%), IoT adoption level 6 (10.9%). It accounted for 15 others (27.3%).

2. BIM, remote application monitoring, construction management, repair and equipment services, construction implements, and tracking equipment are the foremost areas of IoT application in the building industry.

3. However, there is a dearth of research awareness concerning the possibilities of IoT-BIM integration by construction companies.

4. Integrating IoT, CM, and 3DP enables us to digitalize buildings and provide computerized and reliable features to the users.

5. Lack of infrastructure, cyber risks, dearth of trust in IoT, AI and inadequate funds are causal factors hindering IoT and AI adoption in developing smart cities.

6. IoT-enabled uncrewed aerial vehicles for project site inspection can help to present the integration of modern IoT trends with uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs).

7. The actual integration and expansion of applications based on IoT rely on the capacity to explore the necessary professional profiles and skills critical for adopting IoT schemes and perception of the relevant aspects for users, including legal, privacy and security concerns.

8. IoT technology has revolutionized construction companies’ safety management, improving site safety. Demystifying IoT in the building industry is essential to increase understanding of the state-of-the-art IoT implementation in the 4IR building industry context and provide a reference for project managers to identify challenges.

9. More emerging tools, including big data and cloud computing, are required to enhance sustainable construction and realize building-sustaining intelligent towns. Similarly, researchers must pay attention to the viable transformation of existing buildings.

10. The results present a rich understanding of off-site contracts to recognize the implications of IoT tools in supply chain management and what to expect while applying solutions and technologies.

11. It is expected that operative policies for developing GIoT will be presented by resolving the salient tasks and articulating suitable standards. There is a need to address the green goal in the overall GIoT cycle, including production, design, usage and recycling/disposal.

12. The significant impact of IoT implementation in building business was identified as complete control of the process, high-speed reporting, explosion of data triggering data analytics, and strict legal and ethical expectations.

13. Visualization, wireless fidelity and wireless sensor networks, electronic product code, Bluetooth and internet protocol are the most implemented IoT aspects in the building industry.

14. IoT potentials in the building industry include outlining the need to understand concepts, applications, developments, and potential benefits of IoT in the building industry, which stakeholders must recognize before adoption.

15. IoT-based innovative transportation networks for smart cities can augment intelligent transportation networks with ICT as a tool – for infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication.

16. With integrated communication and sensing capabilities, the IoT has robust potential for strong, informed, sustainable resource management in rural and urban communities.

Despite many studies on IoT adoption, there is less literature concerning challenges and awareness of how IoT tools affect implementation in the building industry. Hence, this review narrowed the gap by proposing a framework for implementing sustainable construction projects. However, further analysis of the potential security threats for IoT in a smart city setting, promising countermeasures, and open research issues need to be addressed by future studies.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University for funding this research work through the project number [PSAU/2023/01/ 25550].

Appendix

A

Table A1. Major descriptive faces of the reviewed articles.

S/N	Study	Country/ Region	Type of Study	Aim/objective	Methods/Methodology	Results/Findings	Remarks
1	Oke and Arowoiya [1]	Nigeria.	Sustainable building application	To assess IoT areas of application within the construction industry	Structured questionnaires	Findings revealed that BIM, remote application monitoring, construction management, repair and equipment services, construction implements, and tracking equipment are the foremost areas of IoT application in the building industry.	Findings offered insight into various areas in the building industry where IoT is applicable. The study also highlights how IoT applications could be enhanced through training, workshops, conferences, and seminars for building experts who want to keep themselves updated about ICT trends, particularly IoT. The adoption of IoT aids in achieving sustainable construction projects with increased convenience.
2	Shaikh et al. [2]	UK, USA, Italy.	Green IoT enabling technologies	To explore how different enabling technologies could be organized effectively to realize a Green IoT.	Systematic review.	The study discussed numerous IoT projects, applications, and regulation efforts that are presently being executed.	The study identified some evolving challenges that need to be resolved in the future to implement Green IoT.
3	Martens et al. [3]	Brazil.	Overcoming IoT projects implementation challenges	To overcome challenges in IoT project implementation.	Exploratory and qualitative approach.	Eight significant challenges were recognized in IoT project implementation: data gathering and management, administration, innovation, cost, technology integration, efficient environment, security, people, business solution and value addition. Further, the study identified seven actions for resolving challenges: scalability, architecture, sustainability and project reliability, ensuring support and security, resources, data, and project administration and interaction processes.	The study contributed primarily to the literature based on its focus on explaining the co-occurrence and the relationships between actions and challenges. Thus, results could guide experts in IoT project implementation.
4	Wang [4]	Taiwan	Building green campus within IoT architecture.	Enhancing objects’ abilities and developing a smooth setting so that society benefits from IoT innovation.	Model development.	The study adopted the concept of IoT to develop a green campus setting which will realize the energy savings concepts. The architecture of the building campus is recognized, and three systems applications have been created.	The results of this study enable efficient management of the campus’ air conditioners and computer laps. Thus, the network of sensors will enable energy efficiency since data is sporadically reported, and the analysis is performed instantly to trace issues.
5	Maqbool et al. [5]	Ghana	Sustainable implementation, benefits and challenges of evolving 4IR and IoT tools.	To reassess the state-of-the-art 4IR and IoT concerning building and examine the level of understanding among experts concerning the benefits of IoT implementation.	Closed-ended-questionnaire.	The most significant benefit of these tools is that they will contribute to sustainable policy requirements, with the most pressing tool being the lack of skills and talent in applying 4IR and IoT tools.	This study’s findings improved a sustainable pathway to the building industry community, establishing its relevance by incorporating major stakeholders and those involved in these technologies.
6	Khurshid et al. [6]	Pakistan, Turkey, USA.	Demystifying IoT in the building industry.	To understand the state-of-the-art IoT implementation in the 4IR building industry context and provide a reference for project managers to identify challenges.	Comparative analysis	The study emphasized the potential barriers to continuous IoT implementation exclusive to areas of Construction 4IR in emerging nations.	The results enable the expert to explore the IoT hybridization within the construction 4.0 framework and how a layman comprehends the advanced-level research that reinforces IoT in the building industry.
7	Dilakshan et al. [7]	Sri Lanka	IoT potentials in the building industry.	The stakeholders must recognize the need to understand concepts, applications, developments, and potential benefits of IoT in the building industry before adoption.	Systematic Literature review	The study revealed that IoT expression is best comprehended as a metaphor summarizing the integration of all relevant things within connectivity and communications space.	The study laid a foundation for increasing awareness to implement and facilitate IoT applications in building schemes. However, as revealed by this study, the absence of empirical literature on adopting the IoT model offers a valuable contribution to the increasing body of knowledge.
8	López-Vargas et al. [8]	Spain	IoT opportunities and challenges	for international development based on UN SDGs		IoT has made substantial contributions to environmental, social, and economic development. This research’s findings can be applied successfully in developing nations. The framework focused on the IoT concerning profitable IoT programs performed in emerging economies concerning SDGs	Integrating pay-as-you-go low-cost IoT is the best scenario for developing IoT to realize the SDGs by 2030.
9	Wolfert and Isakhanyan [9]	Netherlands	IoT application and sustainable agriculture	To establish a practical approach to evaluate and supervise the IoT contribution to sustainability.	Case study	The study illustrates how the monitoring and evaluation techniques are employed in five cases from various subsectors of agriculture, revealing how the technique is validated and applied. Further, the results revealed an overall positive impact of IoT in enhancing sustainability, though these findings are also partly influenced by other decisive external factors which are difficult to discern in practical conditions.	The significant contribution of this technique is the set of tools for experts to measure and supervise the effect of fast-changing tools, including sustainable IoT, in real-life settings. Other professionals can likewise apply This set of tools in large IoT schemes where IoT solutions must support tactical sustainability goals. Thus, the study inferred that the stepwise approach makes communication easy and supports stakeholders, including farmers, concerning decision-making, investors, investors and policymakers in project funding.
10	Martínez et al. [10]	Spain	IoT as SDG facilitating tool concerning Smart Readiness Indicator(SRI)	To propose a measure-analyze-decide and act framework to measure SRI concerning environmental energy efficiency and COVID-19 inhibition models.	Iterative approach.	Two theoretical spaces (digital and physical) within 2D infrastructures and users) are chosen over an IoT 3D model (data-driven decision, interoperable interaction and data acquisition). The study implemented an IoT environment (sensors) as a proof-of-concept for an innovative campus. Concerning CO2 and energy efficiency supervising, the findings revealed effectiveness via real connections, representing the IoT perspective as SDG-enabling tools.	However, these contributions enable experimental tests and a reference model for direct application in academic works, research projects, and formal creativities, and they are extendable to specialized settings, cities, and cities.
11	Chen et al. [11]	China, UK	Integrating IoT and BIM in construction	To investigate the corresponding IoT and BIM research fields.	Mixed research method.	Findings showed that the BIM-IoT integration research concentrating on construction intelligence with BIM as the foundation for applying and investigating IoT-BIM integration in construction sustainability concentrates on the initial life cycle phases. BIM offers a framework for data sharing and communication between participants involved in construction’s total life cycle. Likewise, it enables inhabitants to build sustainable planning and decision-making.	More emerging tools, including big data and cloud computing, are required to enhance sustainable construction and realize the building sustaining intelligent towns. Similarly, researchers must pay attention to the viable transformation of existing buildings.
12	Thibaud et al. [12]	France, USA.	IoT in high-risk environment, health and safety (EHS)	To investigate IoT-based applications in high-risk- EHS companies.	Comprehensive review	The study highlighted IoT challenges and offered solutions for high-risk EHS companies.	The study presented research challenges and expected trends for IoT in these companies.
13	Pospelova et al. [13]	Spain, Norway	Professional and user aspects for sustainable computing based on IoT	To explore aspects linked to human factors categorized as critical for IoT adoption by the maturity models.	Survey approach	The actual integration and expansion of applications based on IoT rely on the capacity to explore the necessary professional profiles and skills critical for adopting IoT schemes and perception of the relevant aspects for users, including legal, privacy and security concerns.	The study explored the professional and user aspects of the sustainability of IoT in practice.
14	Gloria et al. [14]	Portugal	IoT and sustainable irrigation water management	To introduce a novel technique for irrigation water system management.	Wireless sensor network.	The scheme can save real-time data and apply it to determine the precise water quantity. Thus, saving about 34% of water using only temperature inputs is possible.	Apart from a detailed system architecture, this study comprises a real-time scenario application.
15	Le-Dang and Le-Ngoc [15]	Canada	IoT and structures for intelligent towns.	To provide a comprehensive survey on architectural design and primary wireless communication tools.	Overview	After implementing and installing IoT maneuvers on a city-wide scale, safeguarding these maneuvers and the related communications links becomes a critical problem.	Thus, further analysis of the potential security threats for IoT in a smart city setting, promising countermeasures, and open research issues need to be addressed by future studies.
16	Sharma et al. [16]	China, Denmark, India	IoT adoption barriers of intelligent cities’ waste management.	To establish a framework of IoT implementation barriers in intelligent cities’ waste management systems.	Hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods.	Fifteen barriers to IoT adoption were identified. This study revealed that the dearth of directions, regulations, and policy guidelines and the absence of internet networks and standardization are the most influential barriers hindering the development of smart cities, especially in waste management practices.	This study will aid policymakers, stakeholders, and authorities understand the significant IoT barriers impacting water management practices and will undoubtedly assist in undertaking decisions to eradicate these barriers for improved IoT adoption.
17	Fantin Irudaya Raj and Appadurai [17]	India	IoT-based innovative transportation network for smart cities	To augment intelligent transportation networks with ICT as a tool.	Vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication.	Recently, autonomous vehicles have gained particular attention, and many researchers are working to enhance this technology. IoT-based innovative parking framework for smart cities was analyzed. Thus, with the advent of innovative city initiatives, the issues addressed in this study are critical.	This study offered city planners, legislators, policymakers, and administrators a clear vision and idea.
18	Gaspar et al. [18]	Portugal	Technological proficiencies using IoT.	To facilitate agro-food industries to be more eco-friendly, primarily facing challenges on adoption.	Structured interview	This study characterized companies regarding IoT adoption involving medium and small industries. The study revealed the level of maturity, complexity, opportunities, potential, solutions, and obstacles to IoT adoption.	This study was based on 21 firms. Hence, future studies should include a larger sample to increase characterization, representativeness and generalization of medium and small enterprises.
19	Song et al. [19]	China	Smart cities and IoT.	To present an innovative city concept as an intricate network by integrating data, sensors, applications, and company types for more agile cities.	Model development using historical data.	This study comprehensively evaluated intelligent city initiatives and identified six major theoretical components of innovative city systems. These are transport, agriculture, construction, urban services and security operations. However, there is a need to explore intelligent city practices and policies, search for renewable resources and energy, increase accessibility, and make cities more citizen-friendly and comfortable.	Significant concerns are explored in integration, innovation, governance, and finance. Lastly, a policy guideline was outlined to establish a public-private collaborative network to encourage more investments and innovations in initiating intelligent cities and services.
20	Narendran et al. [20]	India	IoT and sustainable water management.	To assess sustainable water management based on IoT, automate the storage and distribution of water and reduce wastage.	Requirement analysis.	The study proposed a designed IoT system. The study discovered multiple challenges while developing a system for the rural scheme. The dearth of awareness, illiteracy, and digital barriers among rural systems had to be resolved. Besides, establishing a system for rural and urban scenarios integrates sustainability components.	Deploying a structure helped alleviate the community’s hardship concerning water accessibility. As the model framework in the installed water system is validated, the network will be operated.
21	Baghalzadeh Shishehgarkhaneh et al. [21]	Iran	Network and bibliometric analysis of IoT, BIM and digital twin (DT).	To observe the application of IoT, BIM and DT in the building industry.	Systematic review.	The study demonstrated that IoT, BIM and DT in building, heritage BIM, BIM, intelligent contracts, ontology, AR and VR in DT and BIM are major research themes.	Numerous future aspects for further research are identified, comprising metaverse and BIM tools: metaheuristic algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) for BIM optimization and the IoT and circular economy.
23	Salam [22]	USA	IoT and community development.	To assess IoT integration with sensing and communication capabilities.	Overview	The study explained the interactions between sustainability and IoT by stressing communication tools and SDGs. Furthermore, IoT challenges and opportunities are highlighted within community development sustainability.	With integrated communication and sensing capabilities, the IoT has robust potential for strong, informed, sustainable resource management in rural and urban communities.
24	Gadre and Gadre [23]	India	Green IoT	To assess how IoT can enable a cleaner and greener environment through Green IoT.	Overview	The study highlighted different tools and concerns about Green IoT and how it can increase energy efficiency.	The study has enlightened me on IoT concepts, their characteristics, security challenges, and trends for technology adoption.
25	Koo et al. [24]	USA	Graphic development of Big data collection using IoT.	To present a graphic development of an IoT application for Bid Data collection.	Scheme development.	The scheme comprises upstream and downstream data gathering using wireless sensor network (WSN) tools connecting to IoT.	The established scheme enables consumers and utilities to proactively manage their procedures and realize higher water supply sustainability levels.
26	Benkhelifa et al. [25]	Qatar	IoT and ecosystem sustainable growth.	To describe how incorporating IoT, cloud computing and big data creates a recipe for dynamic, sustainable development and growth.	Framework development.	Challenges and issues associated with IoT tools are explored, and the integration framework of these tools with sustainability is presented.	The environmental, social and economic influence of the suggested frame was highlighted. Currently, no reported research highlights the IoT from a sustainability context.
27	Kazmi and Sodangi [26]	KSA	Modeling barriers to IoT and supply chain management.	To identify and prioritize the critical factors that impede the application of IoT in off-site projects.	Expert-based evaluation and content analysis	The study identified a clear strategy for overseeing IoT applications in supply chain management as the most critical variable hindering IoT application in off-site construction projects. The results further present a rich understanding of off-site contracts to recognize the implications of IoT tools in supply chain management and what to expect while applying solutions and technologies.	This study advocates for improved green building practices, automation, and cleaner production in the building industry and sets a phase for integrating IoT tools in managing the supply chain for off-site building businesses.
28	Singh et al. [27]	India	Reliable tools for construction	To assess challenges and opportunities in cloud manufacturing, 3D printing and IoT tools in construction projects for realizing sustainability.	Systematic Review	Integrating IoT, CM, and 3DP enables us to digitalize buildings and provide computerized and reliable features to the users. Recent research on 3D printing and cloud development is being examined by classifying them into multiple sections comprising 3D printing (3DP) technology for resource access, 3DP-cloud platform service designs, optimized 3DP service technology configuration, 3DP service evaluation tool and 3D service monitoring and controlling tools.	The study explored and analyzed the limitations of the available literature and provided significant recommendations, including automation with robotics, 3DP predictive analytics, and 5 G technology-based IoT-based CM for future improvements.
29	Arowoiya et al. [28]	Nigeria, South Africa	IoT adoption and sustainable construction	To assess the IoT adoption in the context of increasing application so that the benefits of increased performance, convenience and timely completion of work can be enhanced.	Survey design	The study indicated that visualization, wireless fidelity and wireless sensor networks, electronic product code, Bluetooth and internet protocol are the most implemented IoT aspects in the building industry. However, construction experts do not attach some areas in IoT application elements, including data analytics and storage, Zigbee, barcode, gateway, actuators and near-field communication.	It is suggested that less critical areas can be improved by educating and training experts and other design experts regarding the IoT concept. When the relevance of IoT is understood, it could facilitate the level of adoption. The study highlighted possible ways of improving IoT adoption in the context of realizing improved usage for workers’ high productivity, convenience and easy information accessibility.
30	Dosumu and Uwayo [29]	Rwanda	Modeling IoT adoption	To improve sustainable construction.	Structured questionnaire	The modeling results indicated a relationship between challenges, awareness and adoption of IoT tools. It also explained the effects of the challenges and awareness of IoT on the adoption of IoT tools. Results could benefit construction participants since they illustrate the exclusive effects of the challenges and awareness of adopting IoT technologies.	Despite many studies on IoT adoption, there is less literature concerning challenges and awareness of how IoT tools affect implementation in the building industry. Hence, this study narrowed the gap by modeling IoT adoption technologies for better and more sustainable construction.
31	Oke et al. [30]	Nigeria	IoT and Project Performance	To examine the impacts of the IoT on construction project performance	Structured questionnaires	Results revealed nine factors with a significant variation, while the others did not. The study inferred that adopting IoT strongly influences construction workers’ productivity, safety, privacy, security, and performance.	The study suggested that factors with the lowest impact areas can be established by enhancing the skills of experts. Authorities are encouraged to adopt the IoT principles in building and other sectors to enhance the nation’s economy.
32	Ghosh et al. [31]	Australia, UK	Trends and patterns in IoT research	To identify and rank the perceived significance level of significant research fields related to the IoT and the construction industry.	An interpretive philosophical lens	Findings indicated an area of study in a fledging phase, with an insignificant number of professionals working somewhat in isolation and proposing one-phase solutions rather than taking an integrated, all-inclusive method. The significant impact of IoT implementation in building business was complete control of the process, high-speed reporting, the explosion of data triggering data analytics, and strict legal and ethical expectations. IoT adoption’s major drivers were data security and privacy, interoperability, flexible authority arrangement, proper business preparation and simulations.	Thus, the study is the first scientometric analysis of the literature within the context of IoT applications in the building industry. Results uncovered knowledge gaps in current research, explicitly a broader consideration of company amendments required to acclimatize the application of IoT, economic analyses and barriers to broader acceptance.
33	Tabatabaee et al. [32]	Hong Kong, Malaysia, Pakistan, Australia	Barriers to IoT-based technologies application and safety management.	To identify and analyze the barriers hindering the use of IoT technologies in construction site safety management (CSSM).	Semi-structured interviews.	Results indicated that the barriers related to the reduction of productivity resulting from wearable sensors, the need for continuous monitoring and technical training, were most important, while limitations on software and hardware were a dearth of efforts toward standardization, the requirement for proper light for smooth operation and safety hazards comprised the insignificant barriers.	The current results only offer new insight to academics, though they have provided practical guidelines to participants at the forefront by enabling them to understand the critical barriers to adopting IoT technologies in CSSM.
34	Ding et al. [33]	China	BIM and IoT in the 4IR framework	To deal with inefficiency, uncontrollability issues in construction progress, cost and quality in conventional projects.	Framework development.	The study proposed a framework for intelligent steel bridge construction. The roadmap and research directions are further outlined. The central idea of innovative steel bridge construction is to apply data-driven techniques and model-based analytics to understand real-time concerted administration and closed-loop control of activities of the bridge lifecycle.	This study is expected to position the IoT-and-IoT-enabled steel bridge-building mode in the 4IR context.
35	Kong and Ma [34]	China	IoT tools and intelligent manufacturing	To elaborate on the state-of-the-art and upcoming challenges of the IoT tool.	Model development	The model authentication outcomes indicated that the innovative manufacturing model of the building industry could integrate physical systems and human society and realize the purpose of real-time control and management of machines, personnel, equipment and infrastructure within the entire network.	This study provided a baseline for future analysis of the intelligent manufacturing model of the building industry based on IoT technology.
36	Khan and Javaid [35]	India	IoT and 4IR adoption	To obtain and distribute data with internet-connected devices and machines.	Review	The study explained how 4IR aids in establishing an intelligent factory and identified major IoT applications to implement 4IR successfully.	With the appropriate adoption of IoT tools, construction industries can improve their efficiency during product manufacturing. Manufacturing is conducted with fewer errors and costs, though there is a long way to gain full benefits for humanity.
37	Mashayekhy et al. [36]	Singapore, Iran, Germany, China	IoT and inventory management	To produce value for their companies by tapping into IoT technologies	Literature survey	Results indicated increased research on this topic. A wide range of periodicals are being paid attention to, particularly IoT and more results are being released in this research direction. Improving a supply chain into an integrated 4IR supply is beneficial.	Given the vicissitudes in 4^th-generation technology compared to preceding generations, the traditional inventory replenishment policies method appears unresponsive enough to new technologies and cannot cope well with IoT systems.
38	Malagnino et al. [37]	Italy	BIM and IoT integration for sustainable and intelligent environments	To assess technological solutions that incorporate BIM and IoT to improve built environments’ sustainability.	Systematic analysis of literature.	Based on the results, a comprehensive modular architecture was proposed. New directions for future research are presented by analyzing the proposed architecture, which could facilitate the planning and implementation phases.	This study contributes to the current best practices and proposes an architecture concerning IoT-BIM integration for sustainable and intelligent environments so that professionals and researchers can apply these tools to follow environmental sustainability in the building business.
39	Tang et al. [38]	USA	IoT-BIM status and future trends.	To classify common emerging areas of usage and standard pattern design to address BIM-IoT device integration	Methodical review	The study identified many application areas, including construction monitoring and operation, safety and health management, management of construction logistics, and facility management. The study further summarized five integration techniques comprising BIM tools application API, relational archive, modification of BIM data into a relational archive using new data outline, establishment of new search language using semantic web tools, and hybrid method.	Based on the identified limitations, leading future research ways are recommended, concentrating on web services-based strategies and service-oriented architecture (SOA) patterns for IoT and BIM integration, establishing data integration and management standards, and resolving interoperability cloud computing issues.
40	Hossein Motlagh et al. [39]	Finland	Sustainable energy-reliant building using IoT	To produce a system by integrating photovoltaic (PV) tools with IoT-based control devices to supply and consume energy.	Control system development.	Findings revealed that the developed system efficiently produces energy-reliant structures by integrating renewable energies with IOt-based control schemes. The result further indicated that the system also responds to internal demand via domestic supply and offers economic benefits by transferring extra renewable energy to the grid, averts producing large volumes of CO2	The established system is among the initial works to realize an approximately zero-energy building in emerging nations with low energy accessibility.
41	Ali et al. [40]	Bangladesh	IoT adoption drivers and supply chain management (SCM).	To assess IoT adoption drivers and supply chain.	Theoretical integration	Fourteen drivers relating to SCM and IoT were identified and further analyzed to determine the most critical drivers. Based on the analysis, business knowledge expertise, effective logistics schemes, and data safety assurance are the leading driving factors.	Results could help experts adopt IoT in supply chains to resolve disruptions, vulnerabilities, and risks in the post-pandemic period.
42	Le et al. [41]	Viet Nam	IoT application model and construction management.	To provide proof of how IoT adoption initiatives for supply-demand-side systems operated.	Model development	The simulated interconnectedness of objects and humans exerts decision-making efficacy and responsive comfort for system operators, other third-party actors, and end users, leading to the adoption of IoT-based platforms for making andutilizing.	Results further indicated the high competitive advantages of local industries and proposed vertical incorporation in joint ventures as the entry approach for foreign financiers.
43	Mohammed et al. [42]	Iraq, Malaysia	Relationship between BIM and IoT in construction companies.	To examine the potential for incorporating BIM-IoT in the building business	Methodical analysis	Results indicated that the IoT and BIM have been widely used individually for various building schemes, including construction risk and safety assessment, construction conflict management, construction sustainability, and onsite building monitoring process.	However, there is a dearth of research awareness concerning the possibilities of IoT-BIM integration in building companies.
44	Wang et al. [43]	China	IoT and artificial intelligence (AI) implementation challenges.	To analyze the causal relationship between the challenges in developing smart cities.	PRISMA method	The study identified 10 challenges from the literature. This was followed by determining the causal inter-relationship between the significant challenges based on expert opinions via DEMATEL. Lack of infrastructure, cyber risks, dearth of trust in IoT, AI and inadequate funds are causal factors hindering IoT and AI adoption in developing smart cities.	The study established a framework showing inter-relationships between different challenges as a cause-effect chart. Findings could aid regulatory agencies, researchers, and policy bodies in correctly deciding how to tackle the challenges of establishing sustainable smart cities.
45	Varjovi and Babaie [44]	Iran	Green IoT, visions, usages and research challenges.	To identify effective measures for achieving GIoT at various levels.	Topical Review	This study analyzed IoT technology’s business platforms and models, given the central role of environmental conservation in human life by introducing active IT industries. However, the problems and directions of GIoT, which comprise technical challenges, standardization, innovations, and security, were identified for future research.	It is expected that operative policies for developing GIoT will be presented by resolving the salient tasks and articulating suitable standards. There is a need to address the green goal in the overall GIoT cycle, including production, design, usage and recycling/disposal.
46	Israr et al. [45]	Pakistan	IoT-enabled uncrewed aerial vehicles for project site inspection.	To present the integration of modern trends in IoT with uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs)	Comprehensive survey.	Results emphasized the usage of IoT-enabled autonomous aerial vehicles to ensure the site’s safety and health measures. The study summarized the significant shortcomings and limitations of current techniques for the same purpose, comprising optimization matters in planning path, lightweight AI and computer vision algorithms, coordination in IoT communication, and scalability of IoT networks.	This study will help explore various open research issues further.
47	Alzubi et al. [46]	Malaysia, Jordan	To identify various areas where IoT can be used in construction.	The study examined the IoT adoption elements in the building industry.	Compressive review.	The studied elements comprise decision-making, productivity, safety, monitoring and performance evaluation, and technology use constraints. It will aid in measuring the aspects in which IoT can be used to enhance the construction industry.	IoT enhances the functionality with which building projects are finalized and how the application of modern technologies for monitoring will lead to more efficient monitoring. Consequently, data regarding the construction site can be gathered correctly, efficiently, and in real-time, enabling management to improve decision-making.
48	Ashima et al. [47]	India	IoT capabilities and roles	To highlight the significance of actual usage of IoT-based tools in additive manufacturing.	Framework development.	The study identified the objectives of sustainable production that can be realized due to the adoption of IoT in 3D printing technology. Likewise, the IoT-based AM process is novel; limited sources exist in the field. Up to date, IoT-enabled AM analysis has been performed and analyzed in detail to recognize application areas.	Hence, IoT-enabled AM aids in creating sustainable resolutions for humankind and meeting clients’ demands in the defined period, contributing to mass personalization, the primary goal in 4IR.
49	Sarkar et al. [48]	India	Developing IoT platform	To develop an integrated cloud-based IoT platform for asset management.	Developing IoT-based platform	Results indicated that using the platform for record keeping amid the component production and transportation process could be lessened by 30%. Additionally, the cycle time for transporting and casting each precast component can be lessened by 17%. This indicated that there was an improvement in production efficiency.	The findings of the prototype comprised the platform being possible to apply at project sites for real-time asset management and monitoring.
50	de Villiers et al. [49]	Australia, New Zealand.	Promoting UN SDGs via IoT.	To contribute to progress on the UN’s SDGs.	Framework development	The study outlined business opportunities for providing measurement tools connected to the internet (IoT), which sends data into the blockchain, offering trusted data and motivating others to contribute toward the UN’s SDGs. Start-ups and existing businesses exploit these opportunities to stimulate employee participation, donations, volunteers, and other participants.	We provide a conceptual framework for how businesses can play a role in facilitating the measurement of SDGs and trust in these capacities by connecting technology.
51	Pasini et al. [50]	Italy	Exploiting IoT and BIM for managing cognitive building	To define a digitally enabled framework for operating cognitive buildings	Model framework development.	The study identified a digitally enabled framework for operative cognitive buildings, offering a case study by which it has been possible to analyze how collected data amid operations could inform end-users. A link between as-designed virtual models and as-delivered physical assets could be created to explore how BIM technologies and practices can improve data-driven asset management via enriching construction data in operation.	The findings should enable the detection of how information and data collected along the building lifecycle might offer services to operators.
52	Hakim et al. [51]	Indonesia	IoT critical success factors	To increase business competitiveness and world ranking.	Delphi Method	The study identified 32 sub-dimensions and eight dimensions comprising resource, ideas, innovation, technology, operation, management and people, regulatory and financial dimensions.	Other companies (especially automotive industries) can use the results as a standard for IoT implementation, assessing their industry performance and formulating suitable strategies to realize excellence in the long term.
53	Li et al. [52]	Hong Kong	SWOT and IoT analysis	To pursue ambitious housing strategies.	Strategic analysis.	Data supporting the SWOT analysis are composed of various paths networks, comprising literature review, regulations related to prefabrication, interviews with professionals and reports from the government.	The study allowed vital stakeholders to perceive the internal and external settings of prefabrication development in Hong Kong. Deploying an IoT-enabled platform to redesign offshore prefabricated building processes that are planned based on the recognized SWOT for tackling feebleness and dealing with threats is essential for enhancing prefabrication housing production.
54	Sun et al. [53]	China, USA, Switzerland	IoT and Big data analytics	To introduce a new concept called smart and connected communities (SCC).	Case study.	The study shed light on the challenges and opportunities of applying big data and IoT analytics to revitalize and preserve SCC culture.	The intelligent application of IoT and big data analytics is expected to breathe novel life into the traditional, close-knit culture of SCC. Hence, this study offers TreSight, combining IoT and big data analytics for intelligent tourism and sustainable cultural heritage.
55	Fang et al. [54]	China	IoT-based environmental monitoring and management.	To introduce a new integrated information system	Case study	The application layer offers storage, processing, organizing and management. Results further indicated a visible, increasing air temperature trend and an apparent rising trend of rainfall.	Based on the correlation between environmental indicators, the availability of water resources is the decisive element concerning the environment in the area.

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Appendix

B

Figure B1. Major descriptive faces of the selected articles.

Figure B2. Distant monitoring structure.

Figure B3. Remote controlling heavy-duty machines using IoT in the construction process.

Figure B4. Monitoring safety using IoT at construction sites.

Figure B5. Water supply management at the construction site using IoT.