87
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Graphic Novels and New Digital Media

“We must leave traces”: Media and Memory in Two Graphic Novels

Pages 435-444 | Published online: 31 Aug 2023
 

Abstract

At the height of the Spanish Civil War, over 450,000 Spanish citizens fled to France in an exodus known as the Retirada. Multimediality has long marked representations of this history: among its first accounts were illustrated texts by refugees held in French detention camps, and many contemporary works about this period integrate a similar interplay of words and images. This article explores two French graphic novels about the Retirada and the intergenerational transmission of its memory: Alain Munoz’s D’ailleurs (2017) and Henri Fabuel and Jean-Marie Minguez’s Exil (2013). Drawing upon Maurice Halbwachs and Paul Ricœur’s theories of memory, I argue that these texts’ multimedia and multigenre approach—involving not only the interaction between text and image, but also letters, family photographs, and different modes of storytelling—reflects a similarly dynamic interdependence between individual and collective memory. I also consider a 1939 refugee-run review, Barraca, to trace this intersection of media and memory back to the Retirada’s very first publications.

Notes

1 Translations are my own. Original text: “Cher petit-neveu, […] Je suis bien content que tu aies pensé à moi pour t’aider pour ton devoir. D’abord, tu diras à ton instituteur que demander à un enfant un devoir sur la mémoire, c’est comme demander à un curé ce qu’est la sincérité : même si on le lui explique, le concept lui échappera toujours.”

2 “Si c’était un conte pour les enfants, […] il y aurait les gentils et les méchants et surtout, une morale à la fin. […] C’est un peu l’histoire du Petit Chaperon Rouge, avec une petite fille pleine d’espoir, un peu naïve. […] Et là, quand tout le monde est heureux, elle croise le chemin du grand méchant loup.”

3 “Et tout ça pour quoi ? Pour rien ! […] À eux l’Espagne et la victoire. À nous la défaite… et l’exil.”

4 “Je m’appelle Francisco Parilla Alemnara. Je suis espagnol, mais je vis ici, à Perpignan.”

5 “7 février 1939.”

6 “On doit laisser des traces !”

7 This perhaps does not come as a surprise for readers: Minguez notes that Exil is a fictionalized account of the life of his own grandparents, and that it represents “l’histoire de ma petite famille dans la grande Histoire d’Espagne” (preface).

8 “Plus aucune trace de notre passage… tout juste quelques bouts de barbelés, invisibles aujourd’hui ! Ils n’avaient sans doute pas envie que les gens se souviennent de leur magnifique camp de vacances improvisé.”

9 “Toutes ces horreurs n’ont, hélas, pas laissé grand monde intact.”

10 “[…] qui aurait sans doute pu être celui d’un des quelques 500.000 républicains espagnols de la Retirada.”

11 “Francia no está ya lejos… Francia está a la vista de todos… Detrás de estos picachos blancos, con fondo azul, de éstas montañas gloriadas por nuestros poetas, […] hay un pueblo que no es el nuestro.”

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Isabelle Chen

Isabelle Chen is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of French and Italian at Princeton University. Her dissertation focuses on the thematic intersection of migration and translation in contemporary French-language novels. Other research interests include visual culture, children’s literature, and the trends and politics of the trade publishing industry.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 211.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.