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Original Articles

Sitting in the Shadows of Subsidization in Egypt: Revisiting the Notion of Street Politics

Pages 245-267 | Published online: 02 Dec 2008
 

Abstract

This study investigates the opinion of the Egyptian people regarding the issue of the social contract and their perception of the current Egyptian media coverage as well as attempts to find out how far media agenda corresponds to public agenda.

To shed light on the complicated situation in Egypt, the study reviews the sociopolitical and economic settings as well as the legal framework not only of the laws of the media but also of the context of news gathering and framing that made the media in Egypt throughout the years “living in lies.”

Two main research methods were used, namely 200 personal face-to-face intensive interviews, sponsored by the British Council in Cairo, and a national representative survey of 1221 respondents, sponsored by the Information and Decision Support Centre (IDSC). The former took place during the period from August 11 to September 22, 2005 while the latter was conducted during the period between February 4, and February 8, 2006.

Among the major findings of the study are the existence of a huge discrepancy between public and media agendas; diversity in media content is a key factor in appealing to the public regardless of their age, gender, profession, etc.; highlighting the reasons for change and engaging the public in decision making and finding solutions are among the most important media strategies that can help solve the current critical situation.

The study gives some recommendations as to the means of realizing a sustainable social change that would suit and serve the public and not the elite or the military and improving media content to help solve the current problems and appeal to the publics.

Notes

1. S. Power. A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. (New York: Basic Books, 2002).

2. N. Sherbiby. America: A View from Egypt. (New York: New School of Social Research, 2005).

3. F. A. Hassan. “Nile Floods and Political Disorder in Early Egypt.” In H. Nuzhet Dalfes, George Kukla, and Harvey Weiss (eds.), Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. (New York: Springer, 1997).

4. E. Burke and I. M. Lapidus. Islam, Politics, and Social Movements. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988).

5. G. Baer. A History Of Landownership In Modern Egypt, 1800–1950. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), and Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).

6. I. Saleh. Unveiling the Truth about the Middle Eastern Media. Privatization in Egypt: Hope or Dope? (Cairo: CMC Press, 2003).

7. P. J. Vatikiotis. The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Sadat. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).

8. A. Abdel-Malek. Egypt: Military Society. (New York: Random House., 1968); Saleh, Unveiling the Truth about the Middle Eastern Media.

9. R. Satloff. “The Arab ‘Street’ Poses No Real Threat to US.” Newsday, September 27, 2002.

10. I. Saleh. Prior to the Eruption of the Grapes of Wrath in the Middle East: The Necessity of Communication Instead of Clashing. (Cairo: Teeba Publications Press, 2006).

11. Z. Lockman (Ed.). Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles, Histories, Historiographies. (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993).

12. J. Hippler. “Democratization of the Third World after the End of the Cold War.” In The Democratiztion of Disempowerment: The Problem of Democracy in the Third World, J. Hippler (ed.). (East Haven, CT: Pluto Press, 1995), 1–31.

13. I. Harik. Economic Policy Reform in Egypt. (Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 1998).

14. P. Moore. Egypt Privatization & Beyond: Meeting the Challenges of 21st Century. (London: Euromoney Publications PLC, 1997).

15. P.A. Quiroz. “Beyond Educational Policy: Bilingual Teachers and the Social Construction of teaching ‘Science’ for Understanding.” In B. Levinson & M. Sutton (Eds.), Policy As Practice: An Ethnographic Vision. (Westport, CT: Ablex, 2001), 10.

16. E. Kienle. “More than a Response to Islamism: The Political Deliberalization of Egypt in the 1990s”. Middle East Journal, 1998, 52(2): 219–235.

17. Egypt Human Development Report. Choosing Our Future: Towards a New Social Contract. United Nationals Development Programme, Institute of National Planning, Egypt, 2005.

18. A. Chibber. The State in a Changing World. Finance and Development, Sept. 1997, 34(3). [Online]. http://web4.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/

19. Arab Republic of Egypt Constitution, Law Library of Congress, (29 Dec., 2006) [cited 23 June, 2006]. http://www.loc.gov/law/guide/egypt.html

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Saleh, Unveiling the Truth about Middle Eastern Media.

24. Arab Republic of Egypt, Law Library of Congress.

25. R. M. Entman. “Framing: Toward Classification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.

26. G. Wolsfeld. The Media and Political Conflict: News from the Middle East. (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997); S. Cohen. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: Creation of Mods and Rockers. (London, MacGibbon and Kee, 1972).

27. A. Taylor. The Arab Balance of Power System. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1982).

28. Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics; N. H. Dalfes, G. Kukla, & H. Weiss (Eds.). Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. (New York: Springer, 1997).

29. E. T. Higgins. “Self-discrepancy Theory: What Patterns of Self-beliefs Cause People to Suffer?” In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 22. (New York: Academic Press, 1989), 93–136.

30. Taylor, The Arab Balance of Power System.

31. Saleh, Prior to the Eruption of the Grapes of Wrath. A. Bayat. “Activism and Social Development in the Middle East.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34(1).

32. Bayat, “Activism and Social Development in the Middle East.”

33. Ibid.

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