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Notes
[1] CitationFrank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America.
[2] For example, CitationArbena, ed., Sport and Society in Latin America; CitationJames, Beyond a Boundary; CitationLever, Soccer Madness; CitationWhiting, The Chrysanthemum and the Bat.
[3] CitationFrobel, Heinrich and Kreye, ‘The New International Division of Labour’, 124; CitationNash and Fernandez-Kelly, Women, Men and the International Division of Labour.
[4] For example, CitationJoseph, ‘Forging the Regional Pastime’; CitationLaFrance, ‘The Mexican Popular Image of the US’; CitationRhoden, ‘Baseball and the Quest for Japanese National Identity’; CitationWagner, ‘Baseball in Cuba’.
[5] B. Brubaker, ‘Inside the Dominical Pipeline [3-Part Series]’. Washington Post, 10–12 December 1984, C4–7; G. Macnow, ‘The Boys of Winter [3-Part Series]’. Detroit Free Press, 4–6 February 1986, G6-8.
[6] Rivera, Poblacion y Sociedad, 327–9.
[7] P. Gammons, ‘San Pedro: Baseball City’. Boston Globe, 5 April 1985, 41–50.
[8] CitationSpitzer, ‘A Contemporary Political and Socio-economic History of Haiti and the Dominican Republic’, 402.
[9] CitationHoak and Cope, ‘The Day I Batted Against Castro’.
[10] CitationMorrison, Los Dominicanos en Grandes Ligas, 13.
[11] Ibid.
[12] CitationVicioso and Alvarez, Beisbol Dominicano, 27.
[13] It was during this period that the Dominican professional leagues expanded and took their present form. This is characterized by intercity rivalry, and being on an island the fans of cities travel easily to support their team. These rivalries are heated and the games are almost like carnivals.
[14] Interview, 12 December 1987.
[15] Interview, 13 April 1988.
[16] Ibid.
[17] Interview, 1 May 1988.
[18] The recognition was translated into national pride and cultural resistance. In stark contrast to all other sectors of Dominican life, baseball was an exception wherein Dominicans could beat Americans.
[19] ‘Dominicans in Big Leagues Earn $15 Million [in Spanish]’. Listín Diario, 4 April 1988, B1.
[20] Interview, 23 April 1988.
[21] A. Klein, ‘Houston Should Welcome Joaquin’. Houston Chronicle, 1 April 1988, 27.
[22] Listín Diario, 18 December 1987.
[23] Interview, 4 January 1988.
[24] Interview, 2 May 1988.
[25] Brubaker, ‘Inside the Dominical Pipeline’.
[26] In 1985 the Dominican commissioner of baseball was functioning as an arbitrator between Dominican players, teams and the American Major Leagues. By 1987 there was no commissioner. A group of influential baseball officials from various levels of the game including representatives of American teams were trying to recruit acceptable candidates.
[27] Listín Diario, ‘Structure of Baseball Needs to Fortify Itself’, 8 April 1988.
[28] CitationBlack, The Dominican Republic, 53.
[29] Major league scout, interview, 14 December 1987.
[30] Fieldnotes, 20 April 1988.
[31] Brubaker, ‘Inside the Dominican Pipeline’.
[32] Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment.
[33] CitationO'Connor, ‘The Meaning of Economic Imperialism’.
[34] Frobel et al., ‘The New International Division of Labour’; Nash and Femandez-Kelly, Women, Men.
[35] Macnow, ‘The Boys of Winter’, G6–8.
[36] CitationJamail, ‘Keep the Dream Alive’.
[37] Ibid.
[38] CitationBarnet and Muller, Global Reach.
[39] Interview with ex-major leaguer, 13 April 1988.
[40] Interview with ex-major leaguer, 1 May 1988.
[41] CitationKlein, ‘Punchout’.
[42] Brubaker, ‘Inside the Dominican Pipeline’.
[43] Respondents were asked to distinguish between a friend and an acquaintance. Similarly, they were asked how close a relation the person was.
[44] CitationEdwards, ‘The Collegiate Athletic Arms Race’.
[45] CitationRivera, Poblacion y Sociedad, 327–9.
[46] Edwards, ‘The Collegiate Athletic Arms Race’.
[47] Klein, ‘American Hegemony’.
[48] Klein, ‘Punchout’.