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Notes
[1] CitationScott, Weapons of the Weak.
[2] CitationScott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance.
[3] CitationDorfman and Mattelart, How to Read Donald Duck; CitationGitlin, ‘Prime Time Ideology’; CitationCallimanopulos, ‘Film and the Third World’; CitationWells, Picture Tube Imperialism.
[4] CitationGramsci, Selections from Prison Notebooks.
[5] CitationWilliams, Television, Technology and Cultural Form.
[6] Hegemony has come to dominate discussions of film (see CitationPines and Willemen, eds., Questions of Third Cinema; and the journal Critical Studies in Mass Communication), communications (see Gitlin, ‘Prime Time Ideology’ and CitationSchiller, Mass Communication and the American Empire), and culture (see CitationGans, Popular Culture and High Culture; CitationAngus and Jhally, eds, Cultural Politics in Contemporary America; and the journal Cultural Studies).
[7] CitationMarx and Engels, The German Ideology, 18.
[8] Scott, Weapons of the Weak, 304.
[9] Ibid.
[10] CitationGenovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll.
[11] Scott, Weapons of the Weak, 320.
[12] Expressions of ethnic and racial self-loathing can be found in North American society as well: in an effort to appear less ethnic some members of minority groups Americanize their names, undergo plastic surgery, and straighten or lighten their hair.
[13] CitationFanon, Black Skins, White Masks, 18.
[14] CitationJames, Beyond a Boundary, 38–9.
[15] CitationSpitzer, ‘A Contemporary Political and Socio-economic History of Haiti and the Dominican Republic’, 353–4.
[16] CitationBlack, The Dominican Republic, 9.
[17] Spitzer, ‘Contemporary Political and Socio-economic History’, 350.
[18] CitationWiarda and Kryzanek, The Dominican Republic, 30.
[19] Black, The Dominican Republic, 20.
[20] CitationPlant, Sugar and Modern Slavery; CitationCardoso and Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America.
[21] Black, The Dominican Republic, 53.
[22] Ibid., 9.
[23] Within the past decade basketball has grown in popularity in the larger urban areas like Santo Domingo and San Pedro de Macoris, where youngsters play the game in makeshift courts on the street.
[24] CitationSullivan, ‘Dispatch of American Minister’.
[25] CitationWallace, Death and Rebirth; CitationMooney, ‘Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890’.
[26] CitationWallace, ‘Modal Personality of the Tuscarora Indians’.
[27] CitationDozier, The Pueblos of North America.
[28] CitationEckstein, ed., Power and Popular Protest.
[29] Scott, Weapons of the Weak.
[30] CitationHebdige, Subculture.
[31] CitationNash, ‘Cultural Resistance and Class Consciences in Bolivian Tin Mining Communities’.
[32] CitationWilliams, Marxism and Literature.
[33] CitationWolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century; CitationHobsbawm, Primitive Rebels.
[34] Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 596.
[35] CitationGluckman, Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa.
[36] Eagleton, quoted in CitationBenjamin, ed., Toward a Revolutionary Criticism, 148.
[37] CitationMullin, Flight and Rebellion.
[38] Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 599–612.
[39] Callimanopulos, ‘Film and the Third World’; CitationDorfman, The Empire's New Clothes.
[40] CitationGans, The Urban Villagers.
[41] CitationGailey, ‘Rambo in Tonga’.
[42] Michael Miner (screenwriter for the film Robocop), personal communication to author.
[43] CitationMosse, ed., Nazi Culture.
[44] Dorfman, The Empire's New Clothes.
[45] Wiarda and Kryzanek, The Dominican Republic, 19.
[46] I am deeply indebted for the ideas expressed in this section to Calder, The Impact of Intervention.
[47] Spitzer, ‘Contemporary Political and Socio-economic History’, 350.
[48] CitationCalder, Impact of Intervention, xvii.
[49] CitationMuto, ‘The Illusory Promise’, 155.
[50] Calder, Impact of Intervention, 241.
[51] Ibid., 241.
[52] Ibid., 195.
[53] CitationVicioso and Alvarez, Beisbol Dominicano, 16.
[54] Truly poor people no longer attend games, especially since the cost of tickets has gone up. Nevertheless, those who cannot attend baseball games still manage to follow the sport on radio and television and in the newspapers.
[55] CitationWeil et al., The Dominican Republic, 35.
[56] Wiarda and Kryzanek, The Dominican Republic, 45–90.
[57] Most countries highlight their own sports, but in the Dominican Republic and Japan it is acknowledged that the United States is pre-eminent at baseball. The American press reports on baseball elsewhere with less respect. By ignoring the curious baseball played at odd times of the year in Latin America, the spring baseball issue of Sports Illustrated unwittingly fosters the impression that the baseball season only ‘really’ begins in the spring.
[58] Sports Illustrated, 18 May 1987, 27–28; Boston Globe, 17 July 1988, sec. C, 1.
[59] Sports Illustrated, 18 May 1987.
[60] Listín Diario, 29 December 1987.
[61] Ibid., 10 April 1988.
[62] Ibid., 17 April 1988.
[63] Ibid., 20 April 1988.
[64] CitationLasch, The Culture of Narcissism.
[65] Listín Diario, 10 April 1988.
[66] Ultima Hora, 30 May 1987. The article incorrectly refers to 24 teams rather than 26.
[67] Listín Diario, 18 April 1988.
[68] Ibid., 22 April 1988.
[69] Ibid., 14 April 1988.
[70] Ibid., 31 January 1989.
[71] Ibid., 24 January 1989.
[72] Ibid.
[73] Ibid., 26 January 1989.
[74] Field interview, 28 January 1989.
[75] Listín Diario, 27 January 1989.
[76] Toronto Globe and Mail, 23 March 1989.
[77] Ibid.
[78] The Blue Jays have had problems precisely because they have not set up an infrastructure in their minor league system (for example in Knoxville, Tennessee) to develop their players culturally and psychologically.
[79] Toronto Globe and Mail, 23 March 1989.
[80] George Bell, quoted in ibid.
[81] Toronto Globe and Mail, 23 March 1989.