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Notes
1 CitationBlackham, Humanism, 86.
2 CitationScott, The Architecture of Humanism.
3 CitationMumford, The Culture of Cities, 5.
4 CitationMumford, The Culture of Cities, 152.
5 CitationMumford, The Culture of Cities, 155 and 150.
6 CitationSpengler, The Decline of the West; CitationGeddes, Cities in Evolution.
7 CitationMumford, The Culture of Cities, 290.
8 CitationMumford, The Culture of Cities, 289.
9 CitationMumford, The Culture of Cities, 268.
10 CitationMumford, The Culture of Cities, 269.
11 CitationMumford, The Culture of Cities, 291.
12 Mumford, Technics and Civilization, 307.
13 Mumford, The Culture of Cities, 429–30.
14 Mumford, The Culture of Cities, 222; CitationRuskin, Munera Pulveris, 204.
15 CitationHoward, Garden Cities of To-morrow, 85. Howard calls for cricket-fields, lawn-tennis courts and playgrounds to be incorporated into urban parkland and green belt areas.
16 Mumford, The Culture of Cities, 396.
17 Miller, Lewis Mumford, 362.
18 Miller, Lewis Mumford, 297.
19 Riess, City Games, 225.
20 Riess, City Games, 226.
21 CitationWalvin, The People's Game, 14.
22 CitationBowden, ‘Soccer’, 99.
23 Geddes, Cities in Evolution, 34; CitationWaller, Town, City and Nation, 74.
24 For tables on teams' league positions during this period see CitationNawrat and Hutchings, The Sunday Times Illustrated History of Football, 158–9.
25 CitationRussell, Football and the English, 65–6.
26 CitationRussell, Football and the English, 65.
27 CitationRussell, Football and the English, 53.
28 CitationJoyce, Visions of the People, 183.
29 David Craig, Introduction to Dickens, Hard Times, 16.
30 CitationDickens, Hard Times, 65.
31 CitationSnow, The Realists, 72.
32 CitationLeavis, ‘Hard Times: The World of Bentham’, 257–8. The relevant account of the visiting circus is in chapter six, ‘Sleary's Horsemanship’, of Dickens, Hard Times, 70–83.
33 CitationCatton, ‘Preston North End’, 391.
34 CitationCatton, ‘Preston North End’, 392.
35 Russell, Football and the English, 47.
36 CitationMason, Association Football and English Society, 230.
37 CitationMason, Association Football and English Society, 230
38 CitationMason, Association Football and English Society, 230, 231.
39 Russell, Football and the English, 65; Holt, Sport and the British, 159–79.
40 CitationDunning, Murphy and Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism.
41 Cf. Mason, Association Football and English Society, 230.
42 CitationMellor, ‘The Social and Geographical Make-up’, 34.
43 CitationKelly, Terrace Heroes, 2.
44 Catton, ‘Preston North End’, 395.
45 This criticism has particular currency with fans of Manchester City FC who, in turn, promote their own club as English football's genuine Manchester representative. See CitationBrown, ‘“Manchester United is Red?”’.
46 CitationJohnes and Mason, ‘Soccer, Public History’, 123.
47 Melvyn Bragg, introduction to The Rules of Association Football Citation 1863 , 16.
48 Russell, Football and the English, 32.
49 CitationMoore, Museums and Popular Culture, 123. A dedicated critical discussion of sports museums can be found in CitationVamplew, ‘Facts and Artefacts’.
50 Moore, Museums and Popular Culture, 124.
51 Moore, Museums and Popular Culture, 123.
52 CitationBrabazon, Playing on the Periphery, 57–8.
53 National Football Museum, Annual Report 2007.
54 Brabazon, Playing on the Periphery, 59.
55 Alsop's ‘SuperCity’ concept and related plans were featured in an exhibition at Manchester's Urbis Gallery, 20 January–15 May 2007. ‘Coast to Coast’ was one of three ‘Supercities’ featured in a television series of that name on Channel Four in 2003. See also the book from the Urbis exhibition, Citation Will Alsop's SuperCity .
56 Brabazon, Playing on the Periphery, 41.
57 Comment made to author by John ‘Rowdy’ Maxted, June 2005.
59 CitationAndrews, ‘Dead and Alive?’, 78.
60 CitationBale, Landscapes of Sport, 170.
61 CitationBale, Landscapes of Sport, 169.
62 CitationBale, Landscapes of Sport, 170.
63 CitationMacCannell, The Tourist.
64 CitationInglis, Football Grounds of Britain, 9.
65 CitationHughson, ‘Sport in the “City of Culture”’.
66 CitationGumbrecht, In Praise of Athletic Beauty, 227.
67 Inglis, The Football Grounds of Britain, 302. For a dedicated discussion of the Stadio Luigi Ferraris see Inglis, The Football Grounds of Europe, 23–7.
68 Inglis, The Football Grounds of Europe, 301.
69 Lancashire Evening Post, 29 May 2007. http://www.lep.co.uk/news?articleid = 2910690
70 CitationHughson and Free, ‘Paul Willis, Cultural Commodities’, 82–3.
71 For a summary account see CitationWard and Burns, Baseball, 347–8; For a detailed account that goes against the bulk of anti-move sentiment see CitationSullivan, The Dodgers Move West.
72 Ward and Burns, Baseball, 348.
73 For discussion of the former three examples see Roberts, ‘A Myth Grows in Brooklyn’, 5-6; For discussion of the film Blue in the Face see CitationHughson, ‘“Smoke and Mirrors”’.
74 When It Was a Game. HBO, 1992.
75 Baseball. Dir. Ken Burns, 1994.
76 McGee, The Greatest Ballpark Ever, 61–2.
77 CitationNeilson, ‘Baseball’, 47.
78 CitationPrince, Brooklyn's Dodgers, 102. For related evidence and discussion of fractious dimensions within Brooklyn's baseball fandom see Roberts, ‘A Myth Grows in Brooklyn’ and CitationGolenbock, Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers.
79 CitationMiller, Lewis Mumford, 218.
80 CitationRiess, City Games, 35; CitationAdelman, ‘The First Baseball Game’.
81 Ward and Burns, Baseball, 321 and 339–44.
82 CitationRoberts, ‘A Myth Grows in Brooklyn’, 12.
83 CitationHenderson, Ball, Bat and Bishop, 170–81.
84 CitationBodnar, Remaking America, 13.
85 CitationBodnar, Remaking America, 15.
86 CitationSamuel, Theatres of Memory, 15.
87 CitationKissane, ‘Baseball and the Urban Crisis’, 96.
88 CitationVoigt, American Baseball, 5.
89 CitationBlount, ‘Soil is the Soul of Baseball’, 80.
90 CitationInglis, Football Grounds of Britain, 302.
91 Bale, Landscapes of Sport, 134.
92 A related term ‘civil religion’ is used in CitationEvans, ‘Baseball as Civil Religion’.
93 CitationMandelbaum, The Meaning of Sports, 41.
94 CitationBarth, City People, 148–9.
95 CitationBarth, City People, 149.
96 CitationHolt, Sport and the British, 137–8.
97 Barth, City People, 148.
98 CitationRykwert, The Seduction of Place, 5.