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Abstract
Sport's potential for the creation and maintenance of social capital is well established. The role that sport business organizations (can) play in social capital formation nevertheless remains unclear and underspecified. This article seeks to establish a link between the activities executed by sport business organizations and the different species of social capital that these activities may generate. It is first argued that sport business organizations, like any other organizations, engage to varying extents in activities that are related to their social responsibilities. These activities can lead to the production of bonding, bridging and linking social capital. We extend this discussion by arguing that, dependent on the orientation of the sport business organization (profit seeking or surplus seeking), they will try to exploit opportunities in different markets for social capital that, in one way or another, will advance their business objectives. A differentiated approach to the relationship between sport business and social capital is therefore necessary.
Notes
1 CitationAndrews, ‘Sport in the Late Capitalist Moment’, 3.
2 Jarvie, Sport, Culture and Society, 343.
3 Compare CitationShilbury, Deane and Kellett, Sport Management in Australia.
4 Bourdieu, ‘Forms of Capital’.
5 CitationField, Social Capital and Lifelong Learning, 19.
6 CitationField, Social Capital and Lifelong Learning, 21.
7 CitationPortes, ‘Social Capital’, 6.
8 CitationHogan and Owen, ‘Social Capital, Active Citizenship’, 81.
9 CitationBourdieu and Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, 119.
10 CitationBourdieu, ‘Forms of Capital’.
11 CitationLin, Social Capital, 19–20.
12 Putnam, Bowling Alone.
13 CitationBlack and Hughes, Identification and Analysis, 37.
14 CitationPortes, ‘Two Meanings of Social Capital’, 3.
15 Field, Social Capital.
16 Putnam, ‘Bowling Alone’; CitationPutnam, ‘Prosperous Community’.
17 For example: CitationGrootaert, Social Capital; CitationDasgupta and Serageldin, Social Capital; CitationAsian Development Bank, Social Capital.
18 Putnam, Bowling Alone, 318.
19 Putnam, Bowling Alone, 134.
20 Woolcock, ‘Place of Social Capital’.
21 CitationGittell and Vidal, Community Organizing, 10; Putnam, Bowling Alone, 22–3.
22 Putnam, Bowling Alone, 22.
23 CitationPortes and Landolt, ‘Downside of Social Capital’; CitationField, Social Capital.
24 CitationPutnam, Bowling Alone, 22.
25 CitationPutnam, Bowling Alone, 23.
26 CitationDeFilippis, ‘Myth of Social Capital’, 800.
27 CitationBlokland, ‘Waarom de Populariteit van Putnam Zorgwekkend is’, 107–8.
28 CitationHealy and Côté, The Well-being of Nations, 42.
29 CitationWoolcock, ‘Social Capital and Economic Development’, 13–4.
30 CitationWoolcock, ‘Place of Social Capital’.
31 For example: CitationSeippel, ‘Sport and Social Capital’; CitationCoalter, ‘Sports Clubs’; CitationPersson, ‘Social Capital’; CitationNicholson and Hoye, Sport and Social Capital.
32 CitationPutnam, Bowling Alone.
33 Jarvie, Sport, Culture and Society, 335.
34 CitationHague and Mercer, ‘Geographical Memory’.
35 CitationDempsey, A Man's Town.
36 For example: CitationJanssens, ‘Education through Sport’; CitationCoalter ‘Sport-in-development’.
37 CitationHarris, ‘Civil Society’.
38 CitationTonts, ‘Competitive Sport’, 139.
39 Jarvie, Sport, Culture and Society, 335.
40 CitationVeldboer, Boonstra and Krouwel, ‘Eenheid en Verdeeldheid op het Veld’.
41 CitationJarvie, Sport, Culture and Society, 335.
42 Thorne McAlister, Ferrell and Ferrell, Business and Society, 4.
43 Shamir, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’, 95–6.
44 See for example CitationKlein, No Logo; CitationStarr, Naming the Enemy; CitationStarr, Global Revolt.
45 CitationShamir, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’, 100.
46 Thorne McAlister, Ferrell and Ferrell, Business and Society, 4.
47 CitationMarsden and Andriof, ‘Towards an Understanding’.
48 Carroll, ‘Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility’, 43; CitationCarroll, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’, 290.
49 CitationThorne McAlister, Ferrell and Ferrell, Business and Society, 23.
50 CitationNorris and Innes, Corporate Social Responsibility.
51 CitationSmith and Westerbeek, Sport Business Future, 5; see also CitationWesterbeek and Smith, Sport Business.
52 CitationSmith and Westerbeek, Sport Business Future, 5; see also CitationWesterbeek and Smith, Sport Business
53 ‘The Business of Sport: Beyond the Playing Field’, Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2009.
54 ‘The Business of Sport: Beyond the Playing Field’, Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2009
55 The model builds on CitationSmith and Westerbeek, ‘Sport as a Vehicle ’. The four general types of social responsibilities outlined in Figure are derived from CitationCarroll, ‘Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility’.
56 The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 May 2005.
57 CitationLitvin, Empires of Profit; CitationSage, ‘Sporting Goods Industry’; CitationRodríguez-Garavito, ‘Nike's Law’.
58 Nike, ‘Nike Responsibility’, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed 2 December 2008).
59 Nike, Innovate for a Better World, 78.
60 Nike, Innovate for a Better World, 76.
61 CitationPartners of the Americas, ‘Goals for Girls’, 2.
62 CitationNike, Innovate for a Better World, 90.
63 Mel Young, interview by the author, December 2008.
64 Homeless World Cup, ‘Mel Young: Serial Social Entrepreneur’, http://www3.homelessworldcup.org/content/founder-biography-1 (accessed 2 December 2008).
65 Mel Young, interview by the author, December 2008.
66 Homeless World Cup, ‘Mission’, http://www3.homelessworldcup.org/content/mission (accessed 7 December 2008).
67 Homeless World Cup, ‘Mel Young: Serial Social Entrepreneur’, http://www3.homelessworldcup.org/content/founder-biography-1 (2 accessed December 2008).