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Abstract
This article reviews the recent literature concerning the roles of sport in development and peacebuilding, and proposes three related propositions concerning that work. First, we contend this emerging field has been under-theorized to date. Second, we argue that meso-level theories, chiefly public sphere, field and network theory may prove especially auspicious starting places for theory building for this complex area of inquiry. Finally, we caution that efforts to develop a more robust theorization of the roles of sport in development and peacebuilding must be thoroughly contextualized if they are to prove meaningful for researchers and practitioners alike. Overall, this analysis suggests sport can indeed serve useful roles in development and peacebuilding, but that it does not constitute a substitute for developing social norms and values that conduce to mutual tolerance and shared commitment to non-violent conflict management. These, finally, underpin any success sport may enjoy as an instrument of development or peace.
Notes
1 CitationBeutler, ‘Sport Serving Development and Peace’.
2 CitationUnited Nations, Sport as a Tool for Development and Peace.
3 Beutler, ‘Sport Serving Development and Peace’.
4 United Nations, Sport as a Tool for Development and Peace, 21–2.
5 CitationBourdieu et al., ‘State, Economics and Sport’, 15.
7 Nicholls et al., 2010.
9 Note: we use the term ‘social capital’ advisedly, aware of the ‘dark side’ of the term CitationBourdieu (1984). That is, social capital also represents distinctions based upon various forms of exclusionary attainment. We use the term to describe the kinds of interactional impacts that can accrue through mutual engagement in sporting events.
10 CitationUnited Nations, Sport for Development and Peace.
11 CitationFountain, ‘Peace Education in UNICEF’.
12 CitationWalseth, ‘Bridging and Bonding Social Capital in Sport’.
13 CitationGasser and Levinson, ‘Breaking Post-War Ice’, 457.
14 CitationGasser and Levinson, ‘Breaking Post-War Ice’, 462.
15 CitationKoss and Alexandrova, ‘HIV/AIDS Prevention and Peace through Sport’.
16 e-Debate 1, 6.
17 Nicholls, 2010.
18 Walseth, ‘Bridging and Bonding Social Capital in Sport’.
19 Gittell and Vidal, 1998.
20 CitationSzreter, ‘State of Social Capital’, 576.
22 CitationBrady, 2005, 45.
23 Koss and Alexandrova, ‘HIV/AIDS Prevention and Peace through Sport’; United Nations, Sport for Development and Peace; CitationKidd, ‘A New Social Movement’.
24 Kidd, ‘A New Social Movement’.
25 Kidd, ‘A New Social Movement’
26 Kidd, ‘A New Social Movement’, 376.
27 Round 2, e-Debate, 10.
28 CitationAdam and Holguin, ‘Media's Role in Peace-Building’, 4.
29 CitationCoenen, ‘Proposed Dutch Football Law and Lessons Learned’.
30 CitationMutz and Baur, ‘Role of Sports for Violence Prevention’.
31 Giulianotti, 2004.
32 An extensive body of literature exists concerning cricket in this regard. For examples, see CitationAppadurai, Modernity at Large; CitationSen, Development as Freedom; CitationMannathukkaren, ‘Subalterns, Cricket and the “Nation”’; CitationMajumdar and Brown, ‘Why Baseball, Why Cricket?’
33 Giulianotti, 2004, 359.
34 CitationToohey, ‘Terrorism, Sport and Public Policy in the Risk Society’, 429.
35 CitationJarvie and Reid, ‘Scottish Sport, Nationalist Politics and Culture’.
36 CitationJarvie and Reid, ‘Scottish Sport, Nationalist Politics and Culture’, 24.
37 Walseth, ‘Bridging and Bonding Social Capital in Sport’.
38 CitationPlatts and Smith, ‘Education, Rights and Welfare of Young People in Professional Football in England’, 323; Mutz and Baur, ‘Role of Sports for Violence Prevention’.
39 CitationSchmitt, Concept of the Political, 26.
40 Gasser and Levinson, ‘Breaking Post-War Ice’, 459.
41 Kidd, ‘A New Social Movement’.
42 Kidd, ‘A New Social Movement’ 373.
43 e-Debate 1.
44 Gasser and Levinson, ‘Breaking Post-War Ice’.
45 Gasser and Levinson, ‘Breaking Post-War Ice’, 463.
46 Gasser and Levinson, ‘Breaking Post-War Ice’, 467.
47 CitationFinn and Giulianotti, ‘Local Contests and Global Visions’.
48 CitationGiulianotti, ‘Human Rights, Globalization and Sentimental Education’, 366.
49 CitationRorty, ‘Human Rights, Rationality, and Sentimentality’; Giulianotti, ‘Human Rights, Globalization and Sentimental Education’, 366.
50 Kidd, ‘A New Social Movement’, 376.
51 See, for example, CitationPiaget, Moral Judgment of the Child; CitationKohlberg, Philosophy of Moral Development.
52 This section is based upon the report: Examining the Processes, Necessary Conditions and Possibilities of Sport as Strategy for Peacebuilding, June 1, 2011; prepared for the Olympic Truce Centre.
53 Lederach, 1997, 11–12.
54 Lederach, 1997, 12.
55 Lederach, 1997, 13.
56 Lederach, 1997, 13–14.
57 Lederach, 1997, 26.
58 Lederach, 1997, 27.
59 Lederach, 1997, 29.
60 Lederach, 1997, 38–43.
61 Lederach, 1997, 65.
62 Lederach, 1997, 77.
63 Lederach, 1997, 102.
64 CitationPodolny and Page, ‘Network Forms of Organization’, 62.
65 CitationPhan and Peridis, ‘Knowledge Creation in Strategic Alliances’, 201.
67 Gittell and Vidal, 1998; CitationTaylor, 2006; CitationPautz and Schnitzer, ‘Policymaking from Below’.
68 Szreter, ‘State of Social Capital’, 576.
69 Szreter, ‘State of Social Capital’, 574.
70 CitationCrossan et al., ‘An Organizational Learning Framework’.
71 CitationCrossan et al., ‘An Organizational Learning Framework’, 525.
72 CitationCrossan et al., ‘An Organizational Learning Framework’, 525.
73 CitationGaventa, ‘Triumph, Deficit or Contestation?’
74 Gaventa, ‘Triumph, Deficit or Contestation?’ citing Fung, 2004, 19
75 Bourdieu, 1998.
76 CitationWacquant, ‘An Interview with Pierre Bourdieu’, 6.
77 CitationFraser, ‘Special Section’.
78 Bourdieu, 1998
80 Gasser and Levinson, ‘Breaking Post-War Ice’, 468.