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Abstract
There is an extensive literature analysing the relationship between sport and the social world. This article adds to this by making a study of the association between politics and cricket in South Africa. It takes as a case study the role of South Africa's participation in the 1992 World Cup and the political processes that first allowed it and then sought to exploit the event to further strengthen deeply-held positions. A whites-only referendum on continuing the reform process was held during the World Cup and this article contemplates the impact that readmission to international cricket had on voting intentions.
Notes
1 Amy Lawrence, ‘Sukerman Likes It Hot’, The Observer, November 7, 1999.
2 Gideon Haigh, ‘The Making of Epics’, CricInfo, October 2, 2004.
3 CitationAllison, Politics of Sport, 3.
4 CitationHaigh, Summer Game, 69.
5 T. Singer, ‘Not So Remote Control’, Sport, March 1998, 36.
6 ‘Cup Qualifier Turns Political Football’, This Is Africa: A Global Perspective, December 29, 2009, http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/147/Cup_qualifier_turns_political_football.html.
7 CitationPolo, ‘A côté du Tour’, 251.
8 CitationHoberman, Sport and Political Ideology, 20.
9 CitationArcher and Bouillon, South African Game, 162.
10 CitationBose, Sporting Colours, 149.
11 CitationBooth, ‘Accommodating Race to Play the Game’, 164.
12 Hassan Howa, quoted in CitationOdendaal, Cricket in Isolation, 269–70, 276–7.
13 CitationBooth, Race Game, 71–2.
14 CitationKrotee, ‘Apartheid and Sport’, 132.
15 CitationO'Meara, Forty Lost Years, 401.
16 Quoted in, 402.
17 CitationMandela, Long Walk to Freedom, 536.
18 Desai et al., Blacks in Whites, 350–1.
19 Desai et al., Blacks in Whites, 353.
20 CitationBooth, ‘Accommodating Race to Play the Game’, 184–5.
21 CitationBose, Sporting Colours, 160.
22 CitationLipsky, ‘Toward a Political Theory’, 348.
23 CitationMasannat, Dynamics of Modernisation, 166.
24 CitationMasannat, Dynamics of Modernisation
25 CitationSparks, Tomorrow is Another Country, 86.
26 ‘A Breakthrough in South Africa’, The Cricketer, February 1991, 4.
27 CitationRoberts, Challenges Facing South African Sport, 32.
28 David Ottaway, ‘Abolition of Apartheid Acts Planned’, The Washington Post, February 2, 1991.
29 Bill Day, ‘End to South Africa's Isolation’, The Cricketer, July 1991, 10.
30 CitationBooth, ‘South African Council on Sport’, 63.
31 Desai et al., Blacks in Whites, 367.
32 CitationBeckles, ‘Political Ideology of West Indies Cricket Culture’, 158.
33 Day, ‘End to South Africa's Isolation’.
34 David Frith, ‘Twenty-One Years and 122 Days’, Wisden Cricket Monthly, August 1991, 3.
35 Richard Hutton, ‘Editorial’, The Cricketer, August 1991, 2.
36 CitationWalcott, Sixty Years on the Back Foot, 158.
37 CitationWilliams, Cricket and Race, 107–8.
38 Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack, Citation 1992 , 1312.
39 ‘South Africa Eye World Cup Slot’, The Guardian, September 24, 1991.
40 ‘Bouncer’, The Cricketer, November 1991, 23.
41 Terry Power, ‘New Zealand Notes’, WCM, October 1991, 24.
42 CitationO'Meara, Forty Lost Years, 404–5.
43 Quoted in Desai et al., Blacks in Whites, 372.
44 Quoted in Desai et al., Blacks in Whites, 372–375.
45 CitationProctor, South Africa: The Years of Isolation, 125.
46 CitationSparks, Tomorrow is Another Country, 9.
47 ‘Hansard’, May 18, 1977, Quoted in CitationJarvie, Class, Race and Sport in South Africa's Political Economy, 5.
48 Die Afrikaner, November 26, 1986, quoted in CitationJohnson, South Africa: No Turning Back, 212.
49 CitationOttaway, ‘March 1992 Referendum’, 123.
50 CitationCook and Cleary, The Jimmy Cook Story, 152.
51 CitationGriffiths, Kepler, 202.
52 CitationChesterfield and McGlew, South Africa's Cricket Captains, 216.
53 CitationDe Klerk, Last Trek, 236.
54 CitationStrauss, ‘1992 Referendum in South Africa’, 342.
55 The Star Weekly (Johannesburg), March 4, 1992.
56 CitationStrauss, ‘1992 Referendum in South Africa’, 345.
57 CitationDonald, White Lightning, 106.
58 CitationHartman, Ali, 275.
59 CitationNixon, ‘Idealised Functions of Sport’, 4.
60 CitationBryden, Return of the Prodigal, 11.
61 CitationStrauss, ‘1992 Referendum in South Africa’, 353.
62 CitationGriffiths, Kepler, 219.
63 CitationWaldmeir, Anatomy of a Miracle, 184.
64 CitationDonald, White Lightning, 107.
65 Quoted in CitationKlotz, Norms in International Relations, 160.
66 CitationHobsbawn, Invention of Tradition, 143.