Cell and molecular toxicity of lanthanum nanoparticles: are there possible risks to humans?

Abstract

Lanthanum nanoparticles are widely used in industry, agriculture, and biomedicine. Over 900 kg of lanthanum is annually released into the environment only in Europe, 50 times higher than the metals, mercury, and cadmium’s environmental spread. Human health risk associated with long-term exposure to the abundant lanthanum nanoparticles is a concerning environmental issue. Due to lanthanum’s ability to disrupt the main biological barriers and interrupt various cells’ hemostasis, they seem to cause severe disruptions to various tissues. This review opens a new perspective regarding the cellular and molecular interaction of nanosized and ionic lanthanum with the possible toxicity on the nervous system and other tissues that would show lanthanum nanoparticles’ potential danger to follow in toxicological science.

Keywords:

• Lanthanum nanoparticles
• toxicity
• homeostasis
• ionic elements
• neurotoxicity

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Additional information

Funding

We express our sincere gratitude for the Vice Chancellor’s support for Research, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AMM received support from funds from ricerca corrente to IRCCS Multimedica.