Hopeful + Hoping = Hope: unique experiential features in the measurement of emotion

Abstract

Distinct differences have been found between hope and optimism based on retrospective stories. This study sought to replicate those findings when anticipating outcomes in real-time and examine whether they are affected by different lexical formulations of the word hope. One-hundred and two participants read two first-person, chronological vignettes. They rated their hope, optimism, fear, and worry about the anticipated outcome following each part of the story; they also rated their appraisals of importance, likelihood, and perceived control. Half of the participants read adjective forms of the states (e.g. hopeful) and half read verb forms (e.g. hoping). Differences in ratings for the adjective and verb forms were found for hope but not the other anticipatory states, and both forms of hope were found to differ from optimism. Implications of these lexical differences for understanding and measuring the experience of hope are discussed.

Keywords:

• Hope
• optimism
• appraisals
• language
• measurement
• emotion

Notes

1. We did not collect data on race/ethnicity from participants; however, data from the institution shows that 84.4% of undergraduates were White; 4.7% were Black; 2.8% were Hispanic; 3.5% were Asian of Pacific Islander; and 4.6% were other or unknown at the time of data collection.