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Abstract
John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond proposed a collective action theory of genocide in their book ‘Darfur and the Crime of Genocide’. They then tested their theory using data from the Atrocities Documentation Survey conducted in Chad. The theory explains the Darfur genocide well and is supported by empirical data. Since there is little criminological theoretical work on genocide, the collective action theory was a great step forward. The next step in the process should be to see if the theory is generalisable to other instances of genocide. There may be much to learn in testing Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s theory for generalisability including identifying any modifications that may advance the current theoretical work on the criminology of genocide.
Notes
1. Bartrop and Totten, “The History of Genocide,” 135–57.
2. Cushamn, “Is Genocide Preventable?”; Dadrian, “Towards a Theory of Genocide”; Fein, “Genocide: A Sociological Perspective”; Fein, “Accounting for Genocide after 1945”; Rummel, “Democracy, Power”; Palmer, “Colonial and Modern Genocide”; and Staub, The roots of evil.
3. Alvarez, “‘Adjusting to Genocide”; Alvarez, Genocidal Crimes; Brannigan and Hardwick, “Genocide and General Theory”; Woolford, “Making Genocide Unthinkable”; Hagan, Rymond-Richmond, and Parker, “The Criminology of Genocide”; Hagan, Schoenfled, and Palloni, “The Science of Human Rights”; and Hagan and Rymond-Richmond, “The Collective Dynamics of Racial Dehumanization.”
4. Chalk, “Definitions of Genocide.”
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Charny, “Toward a Generic Definition.”
8. Huttenbach, “From the Editor.”
9. Shaw, What Is genocide?
10. Lemkin, “Genocide, A Modern Crime.”
11. Fein, “Genocide: A Sociological Perspective,” 1–30.
12. Durkheim, The Rules of the Sociological Method, 67–8.
13. Quinney, The Social Reality of Crime.
14. Sutherland, “Is ‘White-collar Crime’ Crime?”
15. Chambliss, “State-organized Crime.”
16. Hagan and Rymond-Richmond, Darfur and the Crime of Genocide.
17. Savelsberg, “Genocide, Criminology, and Darfur,” 478 (italics in original).
18. Brants, “Gold-collar Crime.”
19. See Rummel, “Democracy, Power,” 3–26.
20. Freeman, “The Theory and Prevention of Genocide.”
21. Dutton, Boyanowsky, and Bond, “Extreme Mass Homicide.”
22. Barkan and Snowden, Collective Violence.
23. Grimshaw, “Interpreting Collective Violence,” 9–20.
24. Barkan and Snowden, Collective Violence, 26.
25. De la Roche, “Why is Collective Violence Collective?”
26. Mattaini and Strickland, “Challenging Collective Violence,” 500–13.
27. Ibid, 501.
28. Gould, “Collective Violence and Group Solidarity.”
29. Klein, “Where Should We Stand.”
30. See Gould, “Collective Violence,” 356–80.
31. Hagan and Rymond-Richmond, Darfur and the Crime of Genocide, 125.
32. Francisco, Collective Action Theory.
33. Ibid., 5.
34. Udehn, “Twenty-Five Years.”
35. Ibid.
36. Matsueda, “Toward a New Criminology of Genocide,” 498.
37. Matsueda, “Differential Social Organization,” 20.
38. Hagan and Rymond-Richmond, Darfur and the Crime of Genocide, 119.
39. Ibid., 190.
40. Ragin and Rihoux, “Qualitative Comparative Analysis.”
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., 4.
43. Ragin, “Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis.”
44. See note 40 above.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., 7–8.
47. Harff, “No Lessons Learned From the Holocaust?” and Rummel, “Democracy, Power, Genocide.”
48. Rummel, “Democracy, Power, Genocide.”
49. Hobbes, Leviathan, 103.
50. Ibid.
51. Gurr and Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics.
52. Jung, Psychological Types.
53. Barkan and Snowden, Collective Violence, 3–4.
54. Ibid., 26.
55. Shaw, “Darfur and the Crime,” 389.
56. See note 43 above.
57. Miethe and Regoeczi, Rethinking Homicide.
58. Drass and Miethe, “Qualitative Comparative Analysis.”
59. See note 57 above.
60. See note 58 above.
61. Miethe and Regoeczi, Rethinking Homicide.
62. Ibid.
63. Ragin, Mayer, and Drass, “Assessing Discrimination.”
64. See note 57 above.
65. Ragin, The Comparative Method.
66. Miethe and Regoeczi, Rethinking Homicide.
67. See note 65 above.
68. See note 16 above.
69. Ragin and Sonnett, “Between Complexity and Parsimony.”
70. Ibid.
71. Rihoux, “Qualitative Comparative Analysis.”
72. Ibid.
73. See note 69 above.
74. Rihoux, “Qualitative Comparative Analysis.”
75. Ibid.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
William R. Pruitt
William R. Pruitt holds a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law and a Ph.D. in criminology and public policy from Northeastern University. He is Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Elmira College. His research interests include genocide, crimes against humanity, and the legal response to mass atrocity crimes. He has published about the theoretical aspect of genocide as well as the criminal sanctions imposed by international tribunals.