Cancer vaccines in colon and rectal cancer over the last decade: lessons learned and future directions

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Great advances have been made in screening for and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), but recurrence rates remain high and additional therapies are needed. There is great excitement around the field of immunotherapy and many attempts have been made to bring immunotherapy to CRC through a cancer vaccine.

Areas covered: This is a detailed review of the last decade’s significant CRC vaccine trials.

Expert commentary: Monotherapy with a CRC vaccine is likely best suited for adjuvant therapy in disease free patients. Vaccine therapy elicits crucial tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which are lacking in microsatellite-stable tumors, and therefore may be better suited for these patients. The combination of CRC vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors may unlock the potential of immunotherapy for a much broader range of patients. Future studies should focus on vaccine monotherapy in correctly selected patients and combination therapy in more advanced disease.

KEYWORDS:

• Cancer vaccine
• colorectal cancer
• immunotherapy
• active specific immunotherapy
• colon cancer
• rectal cancer
• dendritic cell vaccines
• peptide vaccines
• autologous tumor cell vaccines
• viral vector vaccines

Declaration of interest

G Peoples is a consultant for Elios Therapeutics, who owns the TLPLDC vaccine technology. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Additional information

Funding

This paper was not funded.