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Notes
I use quotation marks here to stress my misgivings with respect to the ‘War on Terror’, both as a discourse and as an assemblage of counter-terrorism policies and practices introduced in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in the USA.
For further discussion of the securitization of aid and civil society, see Duffield (Citation2007), Fowler (Citation2005), Howell and Lind (Citation2008, Citation2009a), Oxfam (Citation2011), Whitaker (Citation2007).
Again there are differences in relation to individuals in the USA and UK. For example, the university scholar, Tariq Ramadan, a prominent Swiss theologian, academic and activist, was barred under the Patriot Act from entering the USA until 2010, when the decision was revoked by Hillary Clinton following a legal judgment. However, Ramadan was not barred from entering the UK.
For further details on gender and civil society, see Phillips (Citation2002) and Howell and Mulligan (Citation2005).