Effect of supplementation of vitamin D₃ or vitamin D₂ on serum concentrations of free and total 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the expression of genes involved in immune function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of weaned pigs

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to compare the effects of vitamin D₂ and vitamin D₃ supplementation on concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D in plasma and the expression of genes involved in the innate immune system in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in weaned pigs. Five groups of pigs (with an initial body weight of around 9 kg) received basal diets supplemented with either 500 (control group), 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D₃/kg diet or 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D₂/kg diet for a period of 4 weeks. Vitamin D supplementation did not influence feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, apparent total tract digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, and serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphate and parathyroid hormone. Supplementation of vitamin D₃ led to a dose-dependent increase of the concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D in serum. In contrast, pigs supplemented with 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D₂/kg diet did not have higher concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D in serum than the control group. The ratio of free/total 25(OH)D in serum was not influenced by vitamin D₃ supplementation, whereas the group supplemented with 2000 IU vitamin D₂/kg diet had a higher free/total 25(OH)D ratio than the groups supplemented with 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D₃/kg diet. Genes involved in vitamin D signalling (CYP27B1, VDR), as well as pro-inflammatory and immune regulatory genes (TLR4, TNF, IL1B and TGFB1) and genes encoding porcine protegrins (NPG1, NPG4), proteins belonging to the group of antimicrobial peptides, in PBMC were not different among groups supplemented with vitamin D₃ or vitamin D₂ and the control group. Therefore, the study indicates that supplementation of vitamin D₂ causes much lower levels of total 25(OH)D than supplementation of vitamin D₃ and that supplementation of vitamins D₂ or D₃ at moderate levels does not have an impact on the innate immune function in healthy pigs.

KEYWORDS:

• Pig
• vitamin D₂
• vitamin D₃
• immune function
• peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Acknowledgments

Javier Herrero-Encinas received a Margarita Salas grant from the Ministerio de Universidades (RD 289/2021) of the Spanish Government financed by the European Union-Next Generation EU (UP2021-035).

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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The authors reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.