Differences in vertical and horizontal distribution of fish larvae and zooplankton, related to hydrography

Abstract

Planktonic fish larvae have little influence on their horizontal distribution, while they are able to control their vertical position in the water column. While prey and light are among the factors with an apparent influence on the vertical distribution, the effects of other factors are less clear. Notably, distributional differences between larvae of different fish species are poorly understood. Information on the horizontal distribution of larvae of 27 species and the vertical distribution of seven species of Gadidae, two Pleuronectidae and one Scophthalmidae, was compiled from one survey in the northern North Sea. Horizontally, fish larvae aggregated near frontal structures, correlating with high densities of zooplankton. Increasing length and decreasing numbers indicated an origin in the western North Sea, followed by an eastward drift. Vertically, the different species exhibited similarities but also notable differences in their vertical distribution. Most gadoid species aggregated in the upper (< 40 m) or middle water column (> 40 m) during the day with an increase in abundance at shallower depths during the night, while all flatfish were distributed at greater depths under all light conditions. Hence, larvae differed in their distributional patterns, but the relative depth distributions among the species in the larval community generally remained constant.

Keywords:

• Fish larvae
• Gadidae
• flatfish
• vertical distribution
• North Sea

Published in collaboration with the University of Bergen and the Institute of Marine Research, Norway, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Published in collaboration with the University of Bergen and the Institute of Marine Research, Norway, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the crew of the RV G.O. Sars (IMR, Norway) for undertaking the sampling and members of the IMR Plankton group for assistance with all aspects of the sampling at sea. The authors acknowledge Laura Rey at IMR, Bergen for her expertise in identifying fish larvae and all the other staff in the institute for the support they provide to guest scientists. We also thank the subject editor and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments to the earlier submitted drafts of this work. The basic support for this sampling programme was provided by the IMR North Sea programme. Hannes Höffle was partially financed by the Danish national project SUNFISH (= SUstaiNable FISHeries, climate change and the North Sea ecosystem).

Notes

Published in collaboration with the University of Bergen and the Institute of Marine Research, Norway, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Denmark