Physical impact of double stratification in Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid nanofluid (Al₂O₃–Cu–H₂O) subject to Arrhenius pre-exponential factor law and entropy generation

Abstract

This thermal research communicates the thermal aspect of hybrid Casson nanofluid in the presence of entropy generation and double stratification. The contributions of Buoyancy force are studied through mixed convection. Darcy Forchheimer condition is also applied in momentum equation along with the effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and convective condition. The flow is generated by stretching a thin needle. Double stratification effect is implemented in boundary conditions of the thermal and concentration equation. Transformations are implemented to form ordinary differential equations from partial differential equations. The shooting numerical method is used to find the solution of local similar expressions. The motion of the fluid slows down for higher Casson fluid parameter and Forchheimer number. The temperature shows the contrast behavior for Brinkman number and thermal relaxation parameter. Solutal relaxation parameter and thermophoresis parameter have opposite behavior for concentration parameter. The entropy generation enhances for Forchheimer number and Casson fluid.

KEYWORDS:

• Hybrid nanofluid
• Darcy Forchheimer flow
• Casson fluid
• Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion model (CCDD model)
• double stratification
• viscous dissipation

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).