An analysis of stratagems to reduce drowning deaths of young children in private swimming pools and spas in Victoria, Australia

Abstract

This population-based retrospective case series study examined the frequency and distribution of protective stratagems (legislatively compliant safety barrier, adequate caregiver supervision, water familiarisation and early administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR]) amongst drowning deaths of young children (0–4 years) in private swimming pools or spas in Victoria, Australia. In 65.0% (52/80) of deaths, none of the four protective stratagems were known to be present and there was only one case where all four were known to be present. This indicates that if the presence of all four stratagems is increased, this may reduce drowning in this age group and setting. While these results are positive, further examination of the presence and interaction of these stratagems for effectiveness is required. Further research is also warranted to explore the impact of enforcement of pool fencing legislation and potential associations between water familiarisation and drowning risk. In addition, a consensus on the definition of adequate supervision in needed.

Keywords:

• childhood drowning
• swimming pool
• safety barriers
• supervision
• swimming lessons
• CPR

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Professor Rod McClure for advice on research design and comments on early manuscript drafts. Authors also thank Professor John Pearn for his expert comments provided on the manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Coroners Court of Victoria for access to their records. Royal Life Saving Society – Australia contributed to the development of this study through the employment of the author Dr Richard Franklin.