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Abstract
The academic study of sport history in Australia is a relatively recent initiative, dating back to the 1970s. It was inspired by a handful of enterprising scholars, each of whom is now retired. The following paper has two aims. First, it reflects on the efforts of early sport historians to carve out a research niche within the Australian academy. In keeping with the festschrift theme, it also dwells upon the profound influence of Wray Vamplew – a Yorkshireman who had the temerity to help pioneer sport history in an Antipodean setting. Second, the main body of the paper goes on to identify three key areas of research developed over the past thirty years by scholars of Australian sport history, then concludes with recommendations for further research.
Notes
1. Recently, though, there have been important efforts to try to revive Australian history as a school subject. This has also involved heated debate between conservatives and progressives about the content and delivery of such a subject. Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, ‘Teaching Australian history’, available online at http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/school_education/policy_initiatives_reviews/key_issues/australian_history/default.htm, accessed 4 Apr. 2009.
2. D. Booth, ‘Sports history: What can be done?’, Sport, Education and Society, 2 (2) (1997), pp. 191–204; D. Adair, ‘Location, location! Sports history and academic real estate’, Australian Society for Sports History Bulletin, 36 (2002), pp. 11–14.
3. C.M.H. Clark, A history of Australia, vols. 1–6 (Melbourne, 1962–1999), pp. 1963–87.
4. G. Blainey, A game of our own: The origins of Australian football (Melbourne, 1990).
5. D. Booth, ‘ “On the shoulders of a giant”: W.F. Mandle and the foundations of sports history in Australia’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 19 (1) (2002), pp. 151–8.
6. W.F. Mandle, ‘The professional cricketer in England in the nineteenth century’, Labour History, 23 (1972), pp. 1–16; W.F. Mandle, ‘Games people played: Cricket and football in England and Victoria in the late 19th century’, Historical Studies: Australia & New Zealand, 15 (60) (1973), pp. 511–35; W.F. Mandle, ‘Cricket and Australian nationalism in the nineteenth century’, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 59 (4) (1973), pp. 225–46; and W.F. Mandle, Going it alone: Australia's national identity in the twentieth century, (Ringwood, 1978).
7. R. Cashman, ‘A most memorable conference: The inaugural 1977 sporting traditions conference’, Sporting Traditions, 23 (2) (2007), p. 2.
8. R. Cashman and M. McKernan, eds, Sport in history: The making of modern sporting history (St Lucia, 1979).
9. Key examples include W. Vamplew, The turf: A social and economic history of horse racing (London, 1976); and the NASSH prize-winning Pay up and play the game: Professional sport in Britain, 1875–1914 (Cambridge, 1988).
10. W. Vamplew, ‘The history of horse racing in South Australia: A statistical approach’, Australian Historical Statistics, 1, (1980), pp. 14–53; W. Vamplew, ‘Sports crowd attendance in South Australia 1919–39: An economic interpretation’, Australian Historical Statistics, 2 (1981), pp. 20–40; W. Vamplew, ‘From sport to business: The first seventy-five years of horse racing in South Australia’, Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia, 11 (1983), pp. 15–33; and W. Vamplew, R. Cashman and J. Daly, ‘Sport and recreation. South Australian statistics’, Historical Statistics Monograph, 3 (South Australian historical statistics), pp. 193–235.
11. W. Vamplew, ed., Australian historical statistics, (Australia 1788–1988: A bicentennial history series) (Broadway, 1987).
12. D. Adair and W. Vamplew, Sport in Australian history (Melbourne, 1997), p. v.
13. T. Magdalinski, ‘Recentring Anglo-Celtic males, decentring the other(s)’, Sporting Traditions, 13 (2) (1997), pp. 101–8; and D. Booth, ‘Descriptive history and passionless sport in contemporary Australian sports history’, Sporting Traditions, 13 (2) (1997), pp. 111–16.
14. D. Adair with W. Vamplew, ‘Writing sports history for “non-specialists”: A reply to the review symposium on Adair and Vamplew's Sport in Australian history and the state of Australian sports history’, Sporting Traditions, 14 (1) (1997), pp. 111–34.
15. D. Adair and W. Vamplew, ‘Not so far from the madding crowd: Spectator violence in Britain and Australia – A review article’, Sporting Traditions 7 (1) (1990), pp. 95–103; W. Vamplew, Sports violence in Australia: Its extent and control (Canberra, 1991); W. Vamplew, Sports crowd disorder: An Australian survey, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 7 (Sydney, 1994), pp. 79–111; W. Vamplew, Violence in Australian soccer: The ethnic contribution, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 10 (Sydney, 1994), pp. 1–15; and W. Vamplew, ‘It's not cricket and perhaps it never was: An historical look at Australian crowd and player behaviour’, Sports Historian, 14 (1994), pp. 1–7.
16. T. Collins and W. Vamplew, Mud, sweat and beers: A cultural history of sport and alcohol (Oxford, 2002); and W. Vamplew, ‘Alcohol and the sportsperson: An anomalous alliance’, Sport in History, 25 (3) (2005), pp. 390–411.
17. W. Vamplew, ‘Artefacts, archives and analysis: Sports museums and sports historians’, La Comune Eredita Dello Sport in Europa, (1996), pp. 43–8; and W. Vamplew, ‘Facts and artefacts: Sports historians and sports museums’, Journal of Sport History, 25 (2) (1998), pp. 268–82.
18. J. Kay and W. Vamplew, Weather beaten: Sport in the British climate (Edinburgh, 2002); and J. Kay and W. Vamplew, ‘Under the weather: Combating the climate in British sport’, Sport in Society, 9 (1) (2006), pp. 94–107.
19. W. Vamplew, ‘Playing with the rules: Influences on the development of regulation in sport’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 24 (7) (2007), pp. 843–71.
20. This should not imply that Vamplew has taken his ‘eye off the ball’ in terms of Australian sport history. Since 2006 he has reviewed 22 books on Australian sport for the journal Reviews in Australian Studies. I doubt whether any Australian-based historian has even come close to that output in the same period.
21. R. Cashman, Paradise of sport: The rise of organised sport in Australia (Melbourne, 1995); and D. Booth and C. Tatz, One-eyed: A view of Australian sport (Sydney, 2000).
22. B. Stoddart, Saturday afternoon fever: Sport in the Australian culture (North Ryde, NSW, 1986); and P. Kell, Good sports: Australian sport and the myth of the fair go (Sydney, 2000).
23. Adair and Vamplew, Sport in Australian history, p. 145.
24. G. Blainey, The tyranny of distance: How distance shaped Australia's history (Melbourne, 1966).
25. Cashman, Paradise of sport; and J.A. Daly, Elysian fields: Sport, class and community in colonial south Australia, 1836–1890 (Adelaide, 1982).
26. D. Adair, M. Phillips, and J. Nauright, ‘Sporting manhood in Australia: Test cricket, rugby football, and the imperial connection, 1878–1918’, Sport History Review, 28 (1) (1997), pp. 46–60; and D. Adair, ‘Rowing and sculling’, in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart, eds, Sport in Australia: A social history (Melbourne, 1994), pp. 172–92.
27. R. Cashman, ‘Symbols of imperial unity: Anglo-Australian cricketers, 1877–1900’, in J.A. Mangan, ed., The cultural bond: Sport, empire, society (London, 1992), pp. 129–41; and E. Nielsen, ‘Australian nationalism and middle-class Britishness: Understanding Australian identity through amateur sport’, Paper presented to the 27th Annual Conference of the British Society for Sports History, 17–19 Aug. 2009, University of Stirling.
28. J.B. Hirst, Convict society and its enemies: A history of early New South Wales (Sydney, 1983); and R. Hughes, The fatal shore: A history of the transportation of convicts to Australia, 1787–1868 (New York, 1987).
29. Mandle, ‘Cricket and Australian nationalism’, pp. 225–46.
30. See R. Norris, The emergent Commonwealth: Australian federation, expectations and fulfilment 1889–1910 (Melbourne, 1975).
31. Mandle, ‘Cricket and Australian nationalism’, pp. 225–46.
32. N. Meaney, ‘Britishness and Australian identity: The problem of nationalism in Australian history and historiography’, Australian Historical Studies, 32 (116) (2001), pp. 76–90; and R. McGregor, ‘The necessity of Britishness: Ethno-cultural roots of Australian nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, 12 (3) (2006), pp. 493–511.
33. M. McKernan, ‘Sport, war and society: Australia, 1914–1918’, in R. Cashman and M. McKernan, eds, Sport in history: The making of modern sporting history (St Lucia, 1979), pp. 1–20; D.J. Blair, ‘ “The greater game”: Australian football and the army at home and on the front during World War I’, Sporting Traditions, 11 (2) (1995), pp. 91–102; E. Jaggard, ‘Forgotten heroes: The 1945 Australian services cricket team’, Sporting Traditions, 12 (2) (1996), pp. 61–79; M.G. Phillips, ‘Football, class and war: The rugby codes in New South Wales, 1907–15’, in J. Nauright and T.J.L. Chandler, eds, Making men: Rugby and masculine identity (London, 1996), pp. 158–80; M.G. Phillips, ‘Sport, war and gender images: The Australian sportsmen's battalions and the first World War’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 14 (1) (1997), pp. 78–96; G. Rodwell and J. Ramsland, ‘Cecil Healy: A soldier of the surf’, Sporting Traditions, 16 (2) (2000), pp. 3–16; M. Crotty, Making the Australian male: Middle-class masculinity 1870–1920 (Melbourne, 2001); J. Ramsland, ‘A remarkable life: Roden Cutler as sporting, military and local hero’, Sporting Traditions, 20 (2) (2004), pp. 39–54; and P. Cohen, ‘Behind barbed wire: Sport and Australian prisoners of war’, Sporting Traditions, 23 (1) (2006), pp. 63–86.
34. G. Seal, Inventing ANZAC: The digger and national mythology (St Lucia, 2004).
35. This concentration of people in cities persists: Australia remains one of the most urbanised countries in the world, with the vast majority of its population living near the coastline. See P. Drew, The coast dwellers: Australians living on the edge (Ringwood, 1994).
36. D. Adair, ‘ “Two dots in the distance”: Professional sculling as a mass spectacle in New South Wales, 1876–1907’, Sporting Traditions, 9 (1) (1992), pp. 52–83; and R. Cashman and T. Hickie, ‘The divergent sporting cultures of Sydney and Melbourne’, Sporting Traditions, 7 (1) (1987), pp. 24–46.
37. K. Saunders, ‘ “Specimens of superb manhood”: The lifesaver as national icon’, Journal of Australian Studies, 56 (1998), pp. 96–105.
38. D. Booth, Australian beach cultures: The history of sun, sand, and surf (London, 2001); E. Jaggard, ed., Between the flags: One hundred summers of Australian surf lifesaving (Sydney, 2006); and S. Brawley, Vigilant and victorious: A community history of the Collaroy Surf Life Saving Club, 1911–1995 (Collaroy, 1995); and C. White, ‘Picnicking, surf-bathing and middle-class morality on the beach in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, 1811–1912’, Journal of Australian Studies, 80 (2004), pp.101–10.
39. M.G. Phillips, ‘Public sports history, history and social memory: (Re)presenting swimming in Australia’, Sporting Traditions, 15 (1) (1998), pp. 93–102; and M.-L. McDermott, ‘Changing visions of baths and bathers: Desegregating ocean baths in Wollongong, Kiama and Gerringong’, Sporting Traditions, 22 (1) (2005), pp. 1–19.
40. D. Booth, ‘Surf lifesaving: The development of an Australasian “sport” ’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 17 (2) (2000), pp. 166–87; E. Jaggard, ‘Tempering the testosterone: Masculinity, women and Australian surf lifesaving’, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 18 (4) (2001), pp. 16–36; D. Booth, ‘The dark side of surf lifesaving’, Journal of Sport History, 29 (1) (2002), pp. 7–14; E. Jaggard, ‘Writing Australian surf lifesaving's history’, Journal of Sport History, 29 (1) (2002), pp. 15–24; M.G. Phillips, ‘A critical appraisal of narrative in sport history: Reading the surf lifesaving debate’, Journal of Sport History, 29 (1) (2002), pp. 25–40; and D. Booth, ‘A tragic plot? A reply to Jaggard and Phillips’, Journal of Sport History, 29 (1) (2002), pp. 41–8.
41. D. Booth, ‘From bikinis to boardshorts: Wahines and the paradoxes of surfing culture’, Journal of Sport History, 28 (1) (2001), pp. 3–22. For some bathers, no swimwear was preferred. See C. Daley, ‘From bush to beach: Nudism in Australasia’, Journal of Historical Geography, 31 (1) (2005), pp. 149–67.
42. D. Booth, ‘ “War off the water”: The Australian Surf Lifesaving Association and the beach’, Sporting Traditions, 7 (2) (1991), pp. 134–62; D. Booth, ‘Surfing ‘60s: A case study in the history of pleasure and discipline’, Australian Historical Studies, 26 (103) (1994), pp. 262–79; and D. Booth, ‘Swimming, surfing and surf-lifesaving’, in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart, eds, Sport in Australia: A social history (Melbourne, 1994), pp. 231–54.
43. D. Booth, ‘Ambiguities in pleasure and discipline: The development of competitive surfing’, Journal of Sport History, 22 (3) (Fall 1995), pp. 189–206.
44. C. Giles and J. Fitzgerald, ‘Embracing cultural diversity in SLSA: “On the same wave”’, Paper presented to the 12 th National Conference on Volunteering, Gold Coast, Queensland, 3–5 Sept. 2008, available online at www.volunteeringaustralia.org/files/ICIATN1SJ9/bn08020_VA8_Chris%20Giles.pdf, accessed 10 Nov. 2008.
45. C. Forster, ‘Sport, society and space: The changing geography of country cricket in South Australia 1836–1914’, Sporting Traditions, 2 (2) (1986), pp. 23–47; Cashman and Hickie, ‘The divergent sporting cultures of Sydney and Melbourne’, pp. 24–46; S. Bennett, ‘Regional sentiment and Australian sport’, Sporting Traditions, 5 (1) (1988), pp. 98–111; J. O'Hara, ‘The Jockey Club and the town in colonial Australia’, Journal of Gambling Studies, 7 (3) (1991), pp. 207–15; J. O'Hara, Big river racing: A history of the Clarence River Jockey Club 1861–2001 (Sydney, 2002); T. Magdalinksi, ‘Cricket and regional development on the sunshine coast’, Sporting Traditions, 18 (2) (2002), pp. 15–29; D. Topp and J. Nauright, ‘Rugby league, community and identity in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland’, Sporting Traditions, 21 (1) (2004), pp. 53–65; K. Atherley, ‘Sport, localism and social capital in rural western Australia’, Geographical Research, 44 (4) (2006), pp. 348–60; and P. Horton, ‘Football, identity, place: The emergence of rugby football in Brisbane’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 23 (8) (2006), pp. 1341–68.
46. See J. Bale, Landscapes of modern sport (Leicester, 1994); and J. Bale, Sports Geography (London, 2003).
47. J.B. Hirst, Sense & nonsense in Australian history (Melbourne, 2006).
48. Stoddart, Saturday afternoon fever; G.A. Lawrence and D. Rowe, eds, Power play: Essays in the sociology of Australian sport (Sydney, 1986); D. Rowe and G. Lawrence, eds, Sport and leisure: Trends in Australian popular culture (Sydney, 1990); J. McKay, No pain, no gain?: Sport and Australian culture (Sydney, 1991).
49. See Richard Holt's chapter ‘Amateurism and the Victorians’ in his Sport and the British: A modern history (Oxford, 1989); and Richard Cashman's chapter ‘Amateur versus professional’ in his Paradise of sport.
50. C. Cunneen, ‘The rugby war: The early history of rugby league in New South Wales’, in R. Cashman and M. McKernan, eds, Sport in history: The making of modern sport history (St Lucia, Qld., 1979), pp. 293–306; P.A. Horton, ‘Dominant ideologies and their role in the establishment of rugby union football in Victorian Queensland’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 11 (1) (1994), pp. 115–28; T. Collins, ‘From Bondi to Batley: Australian players in British Rugby League, 1907–1995’, Sporting Traditions, 16 (2) (2000), pp. 71–86; T. Collins, ‘Australian nationalism and working-class Britishness: The case of rugby league football’, History Compass, 3 (1) (2005), pp. 1–19; and C. Little, ‘The “hidden” history of the birth of rugby league in Australia: The significance of “local” factors in Sydney's rugby split’, Sport in History, 27 (3) (2007), pp. 364–79.
51. J. Ross, ‘Pedestrianism and athletics in England and Australia in the nineteenth century: A case study in the development of sport’ (Bachelor of Human Movement Studies (Hons.) thesis, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 1984); P. Mason, Professional athletics in Australia (Adelaide, 1985); J.A. Daly, ‘Track and field’, in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart, eds, Sport in Australia: A social history (Melbourne, 1994), pp. 255–68.
52. R. Hess, ‘A mania for bicycles: The impact of cycling on Australian rules football’, Sporting Traditions, 14 (2) (1998), pp. 3–24; J. Weaver and J.T. Weaver, ‘ “We've had no punctures whatsoever”: Dunlop, commerce and cycling in fin de sie‘cle Australia’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 16 (3) (1999), pp. 94–112; and C.S. Simpson, ed., Scorchers, ramblers and rovers: Australasian cycling histories, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 21 (Sydney, 2006).
53. Adair, ‘Two dots in the distance’, pp. 52–83.
54. Jobling, ‘The making of a nation through sport: Australia and the Olympic Games from Athens to Berlin, 1898–1916’, Australian Journal of Politics & History, 34 (2) (1988), pp. 160–72.
55. E. Halladay, Rowing in England: A social history: The amateur debate (Manchester, 1990).
56. Adair, ‘Rowing and sculling’, pp. 172–92; M. Crotty, ‘ “Separate and distinct”? The manual labour question in nineteenth-century Victorian rowing’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 15 (2) (1998), pp.152–63; and S. Ripley, ‘The golden age of Australian professional sculling or skullduggery?’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 22 (5) (2005), pp. 867–82.
57. K. Moore and M.G. Phillips, ‘The sporting career of Harold Hardwick: One example of the irony of the amateur-professional dichotomy’, Sporting Traditions, 7 (1) (1990), pp. 61–76; Cashman, Paradise of sport, pp. 54–71; Adair and Vamplew, Sport in Australian history, pp. 37–40; M.G. Phillips, ‘Diminishing contrasts and increasing varieties: Globalisation theory and “reading” amateurism in Australian sport’, Sporting Traditions, 18 (1) (2001), pp. 19–32; J. Senyard, ‘From gentleman to the manly: A large step for the amateur’, Sporting Traditions, 18 (2) (2002), pp. 1–14; and E. Nielsen, ‘ “Oh error, ill-conceived”: The New South Wales Amateur Sports Federation, rugby league and amateur athletics’, Paper presented to The Centenary Conference of Rugby League in Australia, Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, 7–8 Nov. 2008.
58. Senyard, ‘From gentleman to the manly’, pp. 1–14; Adair, ‘Two dots in the distance’, pp. 52–83; and Adair, ‘Rowing and sculling’, pp. 172–92.
59. See S. Ripley, ‘A social history of New South Wales professional sculling, 1876–1927’ (unpublished PhD thesis, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Western Sydney, 2003); and Ripley, ‘The golden age of Australian professional sculling or skullduggery?’, pp. 867–82.
60. As examples, see I. Harriss, ‘Packer, cricket and postmodernism’, in D. Rowe and G. Lawrence, eds, Sport and leisure: Trends in Australian popular culture (Sydney, 1990), pp. 109–21; R.K. (Bob) Stewart, ‘ “I heard it on the radio, I saw it on the television”: The commercial and cultural development of Australian first class cricket: 1946–1985’ (unpublished PhD thesis, School of History, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 1995); and G. Haigh and R. Dundas, The cricket war: The inside story of Kerry Packer's world series cricket (Melbourne, 2001).
61. There are, of course, numerous non-academic eulogies of Australian professional tennis. But analytical studies are rare. Fewster looks at the impact to Australian team tennis of the many Americans joining professional circuits in the 1950s. See K. Fewster, ‘Advantage Australia: Davis Cup Tennis 1950–1959’, Sporting Traditions, 2 (1) (1985), pp. 47–68. There is also a rather cursory discussion of professional tennis in G. Kinross-Smith, ‘Lawn tennis’, in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart, eds, Sport in Australia: A social history (Melbourne, 1994), pp. 133–52.
62. B. Stoddart, ‘Golf’ in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart, eds, Sport in Australia: A social History (Melbourne, 1994), pp. 77–92.
63. Key studies include G. Kinross-Smith, ‘Privilege in tennis and lawn tennis: The Geelong and Royal South Yarra examples but not forgetting the story of the farmer's wrist’, Sporting Traditions, 3 (2) (1997), pp. 189–216; B. Blashak, ‘The ignorant labelled it a ladies’ game’: Masculinity in Australian tennis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 16 (Sydney, 2004), pp. 1–59; C. Tatz and B. Stoddart, The Royal Sydney Golf Club: The first hundred years (Sydney, 1993); M.G. Phillips, ‘Ethnicity and class at the Brisbane Golf Club’, Sporting Traditions, 4 (2) (1988), pp. 201–13; and M.G. Phillips, ‘Golf and Victorian sporting values’, Sporting Traditions, 6 (2) (1990), pp. 120–34.
64. Key studies include B. Griffen-Foley, ‘Playing with princes and presidents: Sir Frank Packer and the 1962 challenge for the America's Cup’, Australian Journal of Politics & History, 46 (1) (2000), pp. 51–66; C. Thompson, Boats, Bondy and the boxing kangaroo: The 1983 America's Cup, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 14 (Sydney, 2004), pp. 60–117; J. O'Hara, ‘Horse racing and trotting’, in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart, eds, Sport in Australia: A social history (Melbourne, 1994), pp. 93–111; and J. O'Hara, ‘Globalisation, historical consciousness and the Melbourne Cup’, Sporting Traditions, 23 (2) (2007), pp. 33–46.
65. Q. Beresford, ‘The Melbourne Cup: Australia's first national day’, Hemisphere, 27 (1982), pp. 180–4; K. Ahearne, ‘The myth lives on. Cultural significance of the Melbourne Cup’, Australian Society, 6 (12) (1987), pp. 52, 57–8; and R. White, ‘National days and the national past in Australia’, Australian Cultural History, 22 (2003), pp. 55–72.
66. M. Cronin, ‘Defenders of the nation? The Gaelic Athletic Association and Irish nationalist identity’, Irish Political Studies, 11 (1) (1996), pp. 1–19; P.F. McDevitt, ‘Muscular Catholicism: Nationalism, masculinity and Gaelic team sports, 1884–1916’, Gender and History, 9 (2) (1997), pp. 262–84; I.D. Brice, ‘Ethnic masculinities in Australian boys’ schools: Scots and Irish secondary schools in late nineteenth-century Australia’, Paedagogica Historica, 37 (1) (2001), pp.139–52; and N.J. Watson et al., ‘The development of muscular Christianity in Victorian Britain and beyond’, Journal of Religion and Society, 7 (2005), pp. 1–21.
67. Key publications include R. Crawford, Athleticism, gentlemen and empire in Australian public schools: L.A. Adamson and Wesley College, Melbourne, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 1 (Sydney, 1986), pp. 42–64; D.W. Brown, ‘Muscular Christianity in the Antipodes: Some observations on the diffusion and emergence of a Victorian ideal in Australian social theory’, Sporting Traditions, 3 (2) (1987), pp. 173–87; M. Connellan, The ideology of athleticism, its Antipodean impact, and its manifestation in two elite catholic schools, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 5 (Sydney, 1988); B. Stewart, ‘Athleticism revisited: Sport, character building and Protestant school education in nineteenth century Melbourne’, Sporting Traditions, 9 (1) (1992), pp. 35–50; and M. Crotty, ‘Manly and moral: The making of middle-class men in the Australian public school’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 17 (2) (2000), pp. 10–30.
68. B. Collins, M. Aitken and B. Cork, One hundred years of public school sport in New South Wales 1889–1989 (Sydney, 1990); D. Kirk and K. Twigg, ‘Civilising Australian bodies: The games ethic and sport in Victorian government schools, 1904–1945’, Sporting Traditions, 11 (2) (1995), pp. 3–34; D. Kirk and K. Twigg, ‘The militarization of school physical training in Australia: The rise and demise of the junior cadet training scheme, 1911–31’, History of Education, 22 (4) (1993), pp. 391–414; and D. Kirk, ‘Foucault and the limits of corporeal regulation: The emergence, consolidation and decline of school medical inspection and physical training in Australia, 1909–30’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 13 (2) (1996), pp. 114–31; and I.R. Wilkinson, ‘School sport and the amateur ideal: The formation of the Schools’ Amateur Athletic Association of Victoria’, Sporting Traditions, 15 (1) (1998), pp. 51–70.
69. G. Sherington, ‘Athleticism in the Antipodes: The Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales’, History of Education Review, 12 (2) (1983), pp. 16–28.
70. R. Light and D. Kirk, ‘High school rugby, the body and the reproduction of hegemonic masculinity’, Sport, Education and Society, 5 (2) (2000), pp. 163–76; and R. Light and D. Kirk, ‘Australian cultural capital – Rugby's social meaning: Physical assets, social advantage and independent schools’, Culture, Sport, Society, 4 (3) (2001), pp. 81–98.
71. R. Crawford, ‘Sport for young ladies: The Victorian independent schools 1875–1925’, Sporting Traditions, 1 (1) (1984), pp. 61–82; B. Stewart, ‘Athleticism revisited: Sport, character building, and Protestant school education in nineteenth century Melbourne’, Sporting Traditions, 9 (1) (1992), pp. 52–83; and D. Kirk, ‘Gender associations: Sport, state schools and Australian culture’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 17 (2) (2000), pp. 49–64.
72. J. Nauright and T.J.L. Chandler, eds, Making men: Rugby and masculine identity (London, 1996); Light and Kirk, ‘High school rugby, the body and the reproduction of hegemonic masculinity’, pp. 163–76; and C. Hickey, ‘Physical education, sport and hyper-masculinity in schools’, Sport, Education and Society, 13 (2) (2008), pp. 147–61.
73. M. Treagus, ‘Playing like ladies: Basketball, netball and feminine restraint’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 22 (1) (2005), pp. 88–105; and T. Taylor, ‘Gendering sport: The development of netball in Australia’, Sporting Traditions, 22 (1) (2005), pp. 57–74.
74. M.G. Phillips, An illusory image: A report on the media coverage and portrayal of women's sport in Australia 1996 (Canberra, 1997); Adair and Vamplew, Sport in Australian history, pp. 48–62; and R. Payne, ‘Rethinking the status of female Olympians in the Australian press’, Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy, 110 (2004), pp. 120–31.
75. A classic example of this approach is L.M. Randall, A fair go?: Women in sport in South Australia, 1945–1965, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 6 (Sydney, 1988).
76. The quintessential example of this approach is M.K. Stell, Half the race: A history of Australian women in sport (North Ryde, 1991).
77. D. Phillips, ‘Australian women at the Olympics: Achievement and alienation’, Sporting Traditions, 6 (2) (1990), pp. 181–200; and D. Phillips, Australian women at the Olympic Games (Sydney, 1996).
78. R. Hess, ‘Women and Australian rules football in colonial Melbourne’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 13 (3) (1996), pp. 356–72; R. Hess, ‘ “Ladies are specially invited”: Women in the culture of Australian rules football’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 17 (2) (2000), pp. 111–41; and R. Hess, ‘ “For the love of sensation”: Case studies in the early development of women's football in Victoria, 1921–1981’, Football Studies, 8 (2) (2005), pp. 20–30.
79. Exceptions include A. Burroughs and J. Nauright, ‘Women's sports and embodiment in Australia and New Zealand’, in J.A. Mangan and J. Nauright, eds, Sport in Australasian society: Past and present (London, 2000), pp. 188–205; M. Haig-Muir, ‘Many a slip twixt cup and the lip: Equal opportunity and Victorian golf clubs’, Sporting Traditions, 17 (1) (2000), pp. 19–38; T. Brabazon, ‘Time for a change or more of the same? Les Mills and the masculinisation of aerobics’, Sporting Traditions, 17 (1) (2000), pp. 97–112; Taylor, ‘Gendering sport’, pp. 57–74; A. Burroughs, ‘Women, femininity and sport: The contribution of the “new woman” to nationhood’, in R. Cashman, J. O'Hara and A. Honey, eds, Sport, federation, nation (Sydney, 2001), pp. 165–180; C. Little, ‘ “What a freak-show they made!” Women's rugby league in 1920s Sydney’, Football Studies, 4 (2) (2001), pp. 25–40; R. Riddell, ‘Wild women: Out of their corsets – A history of the Melbourne Women's Walking Club’, Australasian Parks and Leisure, 4 (4) (2001), pp. 19–20; M. Haig-Muir, ‘Handicapped from birth? Why women golfers are traditionally a fairway behind’, Sport History Review, 35 (1) (2004), pp. 64–82.
80. R.A. Howell and M.L. Howell, The genesis of sport in Queensland (St Lucia, 1992), pp. 7–16; and K. Edwards, Choopadoo: Games from a dreamtime (Brisbane, 1999).
81. Smith, ed., ‘Games from the dreamtime’, interview with Ken Edwards in The Sports Factor, ABC Radio National, 10 Nov. 2000, http://www.abc.net.au/rh/ talks/8.30/sports/stories/s210119.htm, accessed 4 Apr. 2008.
82. Edwards, Choopadoo.
83. K. Edwards with T. Meston, Yulunga: Traditional Aboriginal games (Canberra, 2008).
84. See various books by Henry Reynolds, such as Dispossession: Black Australians and white invaders (Sydney, 1996); and The other side of the frontier: Aboriginal resistance to the European invasion of Australia (Sydney, 2006).
85. C. Stevens, White man's dreaming: Killalpaninna mission, 1866–1915 (Melbourne, 1994); and J. Mitchell, Flesh, dreams and spirit: Life on Aboriginal mission stations, 1825–1850: A history of cross-cultural connections (Canberra, 2005).
86. J. Mulvaney and R. Harcourt, Cricket walkabout: The Australian Aborigines in England (Melbourne, 1988); and D. Sampson, ‘Strangers in a strange land: The 1868 Aborigines and other indigenous performers in mid-Victorian Britain’ (PhD thesis, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 2000), Australian Digital Thesis Repository, available online at http://hdl.handle.net/2100/314, accessed 4 Apr. 2009.
87. See various studies by Bernard Whimpress, such as ‘Few and far between: Prejudice and discrimination among Aborigines in Australian first class cricket 1869–1988’, Journal of the Anthropological Society of South Australia, 30 (1–2) (1992), pp. 57–70; and Passport to nowhere: Aborigines in Australian cricket, 1850–1939 (Sydney, 1999).
88. B. Whimpress, ‘The Marsh-Maclaren dispute at Bathurst, 1902, and the politics of selection’, Sporting Traditions, 10 (2) (1994), pp. 45–58; M. Colman and K. Edwards, Eddie Gilbert: The true story of an Aboriginal cricketing legend (Sydney, 2002); and M. Bonnell, How many more are coming? The short life of Jack Marsh (Petersham, 2003).
89. N. Newlin and C. Moran, ‘Living cultures’, in R. Craven, Teaching Aboriginal studies (Sydney, 1999), p. 35.
90. See various publications by C. Tatz, such as Aborigines in sport, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 3 (1987); and Obstacle race: Aborigines in sport (Kensington, 1995).
91. G.C. Blades, ‘Australian Aborigines, cricket and pedestrianism: Culture and conflict, 1880–1910’ (Honours thesis, Bachelor of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, 1985); R. Broome, ‘Professional Aboriginal boxers in eastern Australia 1930–1979’, Aboriginal History, 4 (1–2) (1980), pp. 49–71; R. Broome, ‘Theatres of power: Tent boxing circa 1910–1970’, Aboriginal History, 20 (1996), pp. 1–23; and C. Mooney and J. Ramsland, ‘Dave Sands as local hero and international champion: Race, family and identity in an industrial working-class suburb’, Sport in History, 28 (2) (2008), pp. 299–312.
92. A. Honey, ‘Sport, immigration restriction and race: The operation of the white Australia policy’, in R. Cashman, J. O'Hara and A. Honey, eds, Sport, federation, nation (Sydney, 2001), pp. 26–46.
93. R. Broome, ‘The Australian reaction to Jack Johnson, black pugilist, 1907–09’, in R. Cashman and M. McKernan, eds, Sport in History (St Lucia, 1979), pp. 343–63; and J. Wells, Boxing day: The fight that changed the world (Sydney, 1998).
94. A. Ritchie, Major Taylor: The extraordinary career of a champion bicycle racer (Baltimore, 1996).
95. G. Osmond, M. Phillips and M. O'Neil, ‘ “Putting up your dukes”: Statues, social memory and Duke Paoa Kahanamoku’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 23 (1) (2006), pp. 82–103.
96. G. Osmond and M.G. Phillips, ‘The bloke with a stroke’, Journal of Pacific History, 39 (3) (2004), pp. 309–24; and G. Osmond and M.G. Phillips, ‘ “Look at that kid crawling” – Race, myth and the “crawl” stroke’, Australian Historical Studies, 37 (127) (2006), pp. 43–62.
97. G. Osmond, and M-L. McDermott, ‘Mixing race: The Kong Sing brothers and Australian sport’, Australian Historical Studies, 39 (3) (2008), pp. 338–55.
98. S. Brawley, ‘ “They came, they saw, they conquered”: The Takaishi/Saito tour of 1926–27 and Australian perceptions of Japan’, Paper presented at the conference Sport, Race and Ethnicity: Building a Global Understanding, University of Technology Sydney, 30 Nov.–2 Dec. 2008; and N. Guoth, ‘Kangaroos and dragons: The 1923 Chinese football tour of Australia’, Paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Australian Society for Sports History: Sporting Traditions XVI, Canberra, 27–30 June 2007.
99. B. Whimpress, ‘Absent Aborigines: The impact of federation on indigenous Sport’, in R. Cashman, J. O'Hara and A. Honey, eds, Sport, federation, nation (Sydney, 2001), pp. 47–54.
100. L. Rose and R. Humphries, Lionel Rose Australian: The life story of a champion [as told to Humphries by Rose] (Sydney, 1969).
101. E. Goolagong Cawley and P. Jarratt, Home! The Evonne Goolagong story (East Roseville, 1993); T. Bruce and C. Hallinan, ‘Cathy Freeman: The quest for Australian identity’, in D. Andrews and S. Jackson, eds, Sports stars: The cultural politics of sporting celebrity (New York, 2001), pp. 257–70; and K. Lothian, ‘Moving blackwards: Black power and the Aboriginal embassy’, Aboriginal History Monograph, 16 (2007), pp. 19–34.
102. C. Tatz, ‘Aborigines and the Commonwealth Games’, Social Alternatives, 3 (1) (1981), pp. 48–51; and C. Tatz, ‘Race, politics and sport’, Sporting Traditions, 1 (1) (1984), pp. 2–36; and N. Shannon, The friendly games? Politics, protest and Aboriginal rights at the XII Commonwealth Games, Brisbane 1982, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series), 14 (2004), pp. 1–59.
103. J-U. Korff, ‘Aboriginal indigenous sport’, http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/sport/, accessed 7 Jan. 2009.
104. G. Gardiner, ‘Racial abuse and football: The Australian Football League's racial vilification rule in review’, Sporting Traditions, 14 (1) (1997), pp. 3–26; I. Warren, ‘Racism and the law in Australian rules football: A critical analysis’, Sporting Traditions, 14 (1) (1997), pp. 27–53; L. McNamara, ‘Tackling racial hatred: Conciliation, reconciliation and football’, Australian Journal of Human Rights, 6 (2) (2000), pp. 5–31; and I. Warren, ‘Combating vilification: The AFL and NRL anti-vilification rules’, ANZSLA Commentator, 9 (4) (2000), pp. 13–15.
105. C. Tatz and P. Tatz, Black diamonds: The Aboriginal and islander sports hall of fame (St. Leonards, 1996); and C. Tatz and P. Tatz, Black gold: The Aboriginal and islander sports hall of fame (Canberra, 2000).
106. G. Stocks and A. East, Lewie, Lewie: Chris Lewis – An Aboriginal champion (Perth, 2000); S. Gorman, Brotherboys: The story of Jim and Phillip Krakouer (Crows Nest, 2005); and M. Stronach and D. Adair, ‘Retirement experiences of elite indigenous Australian athletes: Policies, programs and practices’, Paper presented to the conference Sport, Race and Ethnicity: Building a Global Understanding, University of Technology Sydney, 30 Nov.– 2 Dec. 2008.
107. R. Hay, ‘ “Our wicked foreign game”: Why has association football (soccer) not become the main code of football in Australia?’, Soccer and Society, 7 (2) (2006), pp. 165–86.
108. J. Warren, A. Harper and J. Whittington, Sheilas, wogs and poofters: An incomplete biography of Johnny Warren and soccer in Australia (Sydney, 2002).
109. D. Adair, ‘Conformity, diversity, and difference in Antipodean physical culture: The indelible influence of immigration, ethnicity, and race during the formative years of organised sport in Australia, c.1788–1918’, in M. Cronin and D. Mayall, eds, Sporting nationalisms: Identity, ethnicity, immigration, and assimilation (London, 1998), pp. 14–48.
110. M.C. Hogan, The sectarian strand: Religion in Australian history (Ringwood, 1987); and J. Kildea, Tearing the fabric: Sectarianism in Australia, 1910 to 1925 (Sydney, 2002).
111. For a summary, see A. Bairner, ‘Wearing the baggie green: The Irish and Australian cricket’, Sport in Society, 10 (3) (2007), pp. 457–75.
112. P. Mosely et al., eds, Sporting immigrants: Sport and ethnicity in Australia (Sydney, 1997).
113. J. Jupp, ‘One among many: The relative success of Australian multiculturalism’, in D. Goodman, C. Wallace-Crabbe and D. O'Hearn, eds, Multicultural Australia (Newham, 1991), pp. 119–33.
114. See G. Lawson, Henry: The Geoff Lawson story (Randwick, 1993); and G. Haig, ‘Pascoe was like a bull at a batsman’, The Age, (21 Feb. 2004).
115. J. Hughson, ‘Australian soccer: “Ethnic” or “Aussie”. The search for an image’, Current Affairs Bulletin, 68 (10) (1992), pp. 12–16; and L.M. Danforth, ‘Is the “world game” an “ethnic game” or an “Aussie game”? Narrating the nation in Australian soccer’, American Ethnologist, 28 (2) (2001), pp. 363–87.
116. T. Taylor and K. Toohey, ‘Negotiating cultural diversity for women in sport: From assimilation to multiculturalism’, Race, Ethnicity and Education, 1 (1) (1998), pp. 75–90.
117. A. Hughes, ‘Muscular Judaism and the Jewish Rugby League competition in Sydney, 1924 to 1927’, Sporting Traditions, 13 (1) (1996), pp. 61–80; and A. Hughes, ‘Sport in the Australian Jewish community’, Journal of Sport History, 26 (2) (1999), pp. 376–91.
118. C. Tatz, A course of history: Monash Country Club 1931–2001 (Sydney, 2002).
119. P. Mosely, Ethnic involvement in Australian soccer: A history 1950–1990, (Canberra, 1995); and R. Hay, ‘Croatia: Community, conflict and culture: The role of soccer clubs in migrant identity’, Immigrants and Minorities, 17 (1) (1998), pp. 49–66.
120. J. Hughson, ‘Football, folk dancing and fascism: Diversity and difference in multicultural Australia’, Journal of Sociology, 33 (2) (1997), pp. 167–86.
121. H. Westerbeek et al., ‘De-ethnicization and Australian soccer: The strategic management dilemma’, International Journal of Sport Management, 6 (3) (2005), pp. 270–88.
122. J. Hughson, ‘The boys are back in town: Soccer support and the social reproduction of masculinity’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 24 (1) (2000), pp. 8–23; J. Hughson, ‘ “The wogs are at it again”: The media reportage of Australian soccer “riots” ’, Football Studies, 4 (1) (2001), pp. 40–55; and R. Hay, ‘ “Those bloody Croatians”: Croatian soccer teams, ethnicity and violence in Australia, 1950–99’, in G. Armstrong and R. Giulianotti, eds, Fear and loathing in world football (Oxford, 2001), pp. 77–90.
123. For a comparison of the football codes in Australia, see B. Stewart, ed., The games are not the same: The political economy of football in Australia (Carlton, 2007).
124. J. Skinner, ‘Coming in from the margins: Ethnicity, community support and the rebranding of Australian soccer’, Soccer and Society, 9 (3) (2008), pp. 394–404; and B. Dabscheck, ‘Moving beyond ethnicity: Soccer's evolutionary progress’, in B. Stewart, ed., The games are not the same: The political economy of football in Australia (Carlton, 2007), pp. 198–235.
125. D. Lock, T. Taylor and S. Darcy, ‘Soccer and social capital in Australia: Social networks in transition’, in M. Nicholson and R. Hoye, eds, Sport and social capital (Oxford, 2008), pp. 317–38; and D. Lock, ‘Fan perspectives of change in the A-League’, Soccer and Society, 10 (1) (2009), pp. 109–23. For a dissenting view, see R. Hay, ‘A victory for the fans? Melbourne's new football club in recent historical perspective’, Soccer and Society, 8 (2) (2007), pp. 298–315.
126. B. Bowden, ‘Nationalism and cosmopolitanism: Irreconcilable differences or possible bedfellows?’, National Identities, 5 (3) (2003), pp. 235–49.
127. M.G. Phillips, ‘Public sports history, history and social memory: (Re)presenting swimming in Australia’, Sporting Traditions, 15 (1) (1998), pp. 93–102; M.G. Phillips, ‘Deconstructing sport history: The postmodern challenge’, Journal of Sport History, 28 (3) (2001), pp. 327–44; M.G. Phillips, ed., Deconstructing sport history: A postmodern analysis (New York, 2006); D. Booth, ‘Escaping the past? The cultural turn and language in sport history’, Rethinking History, 8 (1) (2004), pp. 103–25; D. Booth, ‘Evidence revisited: Interpreting historical materials in sport history’, Rethinking History, 9 (4) (2005), pp. 459–83; D. Booth, The field: Truth and fiction in sport history (London, 2005); and D. Booth, ‘Sites of truth or metaphors of power? Refiguring the archive’, Sport in History, 26 (1) (2006), pp. 91–109.
128. For a range of responses, see R. Hay, ‘Approaches to sports history: Theory and practice’, Sporting Traditions, 22 (2) (2006), pp. 70–81; B. Stoddart, ‘In search of meaning: Historians and their work’, Sporting Traditions, 22 (2) (2006), pp. 82–7; M. Johnes, ‘Archives, truths and the historian at work: A reply to Douglas Booth's “Refiguring the archive” ’, Sport in History, 27 (1) (2007), pp. 127–35; and A. Guttmann, ‘Review essay: The Ludic and the ludicrous’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 25 (1) (2008), pp. 100–12.
129. Important exceptions include B. Stewart, ‘The economic development of the Victorian football league 1960–1984’, Sporting Traditions, 1 (2) (1985), pp. 2–26; B. Dabscheck, ‘The Professional Cricketers Association of Australia’, Sporting Traditions, 8 (1) (1991), pp. 2–27; B. Dabscheck, ‘Early attempts at forming soccer player unions in Australia’, Sporting Traditions, 10 (2) (1994), pp. 25–40; R. Booth, ‘History of player recruitment, transfer and payment rules in the Victorian and Australian Football League’, Australian Society for Sports History Bulletin, 26 (1997), pp. 13–33; B. Dabscheck, ‘Australian baseball's second unsuccessful attempt to establish a players’ association’, 14 (2) (1998), pp. 87–90; B. Stewart, ‘The crisis of confidence in Australian first-class cricket in the 1950s’, Sporting Traditions, 20 (1) (2003), pp. 43–62; R. Booth, ‘The economics of achieving competitive balance in the Australian Football League, 1897–2004’, Economic Papers – Economic Society of Australia, 23 (4) (2004), pp. 325–44; and Stewart, The games are not the same.
130. Classic examples include W. Vamplew, The turf: A social and economic history of horseracing (London, 1976); W. Vamplew, Pay up and play the game: Professional sport in Britain, 1875–1914 (Cambridge, 1988); and N. Tranter, Sport, economy, and society in Britain, 1750–1914 (Cambridge, 1998).
131. Key studies include D. Rowe, Sport, culture and the media (Buckingham, 1999); Lawrence and Rowe, Power play; B. Hutchins and M.G. Phillips, ‘Selling permissible violence: The commodification of Australian Rugby League 1970–1995’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32 (2) (1997), pp. 161–76; and M.G. Phillips and B. Hutchins, ‘Losing control of the ball: The political economy of football and the media in Australia’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 27 (3) (2003), pp. 215–32.
132. Exceptions include C. Cunneen, ‘Elevating and recording the people's pastimes: Sydney sporting journalism 1886–1939’, in R. Cashman and M. McKernan, eds, Sport: Money, morality, and the media (Sydney, 1981), pp. 162–76; R. Grow, ‘Nineteenth century football and the Melbourne press’, Sporting Traditions, 3 (1) (1986), pp. 23–37; S.R. Wenn, ‘Lights, camera, little action: Television, Avery Brundage and the 1956 Melbourne Olympics’, Sporting Traditions, 10 (1) (1993), pp. 38–53; P. Brown, ‘Gender, the press and history: Coverage of women's sport in the Newcastle Herald, 1890–1990’, Media Information Australia, 75 (1995), pp. 24–34; and B. Stewart, ‘Radio's changing relationship with Australian cricket: 1932–1950’, Sporting Traditions, 19 (1) (2002), pp. 49–64.
133. J. Nauright and M. Phillips, ‘A fair go for the fans?: Super leagues, sports ownership and fans in Australia’, Social Alternatives, 15 (4) (1996) pp. 43–45; M.G. Phillips and J. Nauright, ‘Sports fan movements to save suburban-based football teams threatened with amalgamation in different football codes in Australia’, International Sports Studies, 21 (1) (1999), pp.16–38; J. Nauright and M. Phillips, ‘Us and them: Australian professional sport and resistance to North American ownership and marketing models’, Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6 (1) (1997), pp. 33–39.
134. Significant academic studies thus far include, R. Stremski, Kill for Collingwood (Sydney, 1986); A. Moore, The mighty bears!: A social history of North Sydney Rugby league (Sydney, 1996); M.G. Phillips, ‘Rugby league and club loyalty’, in D. Headon and L. Marinos, eds, League of a nation (Melbourne, 1996), pp. 106–11; and Lock, Taylor and Darcy, ‘Soccer and social capital in Australia’.
135. I. Warren, Football, crowds and cultures. Comparing English and Australian law and enforcement trends, (ASSH Studies in Sports History series) 13 (2003).
136. Vamplew, ‘Facts and artefacts’, pp. 268–82.