Sports History: Status, Definitions and Meanings

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Notes

1. Allen Guttmann, From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), 3.

2. Allen Guttmann, From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), 3.

3. Roger Caillois, Man, Play and Games (London: The Free Press, 1962), 175.

4. Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning, The Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilising Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), 60.

5. Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning, The Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilising Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), 65.

6. See Guttmann's comments here on the American middle classes and football. Guttmann, From Ritual to Record, 133.

7. Tony Mason and Eliza Riedi, Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces, 1880–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 126.

8. Bero Rigauer, Sport and Work (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981). See also Elias and Dunning, The Quest for Excitement, 209–14.

9. G.P. Stone, ‘American Sports: Play and Display’ in The Sociology of Sport, ed. Eric Dunning (London: Frank Cass, 1971), 60.

10. Sydney Morning Herald, February 19–20, 2011. It meant the Indian subcontinent.

11. For this, see Tony Walker, ‘The Mourning after Hillsborough’, Sociological Review 39, no. 3 (1991); Ian Taylor, ‘English Football in the 1990s: Taking Hillsborough Seriously’, in British Football and Social Change, ed. John Williams and Stephen Wagg (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991) and – a more open-eyed account – Ian Taylor, ‘Hillsborough, 15 April 1989: Some Personal Contemplations’, New Left Review 177 (September–October 1989).

12. They are reproduced in the Daily Mirror, February 27, 2002.

13. John Hargreaves, Sport, Power and Culture: A Social and Historical Analysis of Popular Sports in Britain (Cambridge: Polity, 1986), 12–13.

14. C.E. Ashworth, ‘Sport as Symbolic Dialogue’ in The Sociology of Sport, ed. Dunning, 45.

15. When the final of the women's football World Cup was held in 1999 in Los Angeles 90,000 attended. That would not happen in Europe and may be a result of the complete exclusion of women from American football, and the popularity of football (soccer) among women, children and teenagers in the United States. It could also be a result of the greater self-confidence of American women or their greater patriotism. Women's gymnastics is very popular among those who watch gymnastics, and here women have aesthetic and physical advantages over men. Young women gymnasts, at least in the opinion of judges and crowds, attain a perfection which men seem unable to do.