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Notes
1. A. Harvey, The Beginnings of a Commercial Sporting Culture in Britain 1793–1850 (London: Ashgate, 2004), 124–8.
2. A very helpful discussion can be found in W. Vamplew, ‘Playing With the Rules: Influences on the Development of Regulation in Sport’ International Journal of the History of Sport 24, no. 7 (2007): 843–71.
3. Harvey, Beginnings, 130–6.
4. Harvey, Beginnings, 217.
5. Did public schoolboys ever play sport for money? The author found a very intriguing reference to a football match played in 1851 for a stake of £10 at Eton. It was at the fields at Brocas. But whether any of the players were Etonians is unclear: see Bell's Life in London 9, November 16, 1851.
6. Sporting Magazine ( hereafter SM), July 1828, 258–9.
7. Original Rules of Golf, 31–4.
8. SM, August 1817, 243.
9. SM, March 1795, 332.
10. SM, May 1795, 110; August 1795, 268.
11. SM, August 1813, 240–1.
12. SM, December 1813, 143–4.
13. SM, September 1831, 351.
14. Original Laws of Cricket, 18–22. Wickets were of similar size, though from the 1830s the ‘players’ had to defend larger wickets than the ‘gentlemen’ in their matches: see Harvey, Beginnings, 126.
15. Harvey, Beginnings, 16.
16. Harvey, Beginnings, 135–6.
17. Harvey, Beginnings, 127.
18. Harvey, Beginnings, 131.
19. Harvey, Beginnings, 130.
20. The code used by Sheffield first appeared on 21 October 1858. It was in manuscript and obviously the source used by P.N. Young in Football in Sheffield (London: Stanley Paul, 1962), 17–18. The first printed rule book of the code did not appear until 1859. The author is grateful to the Sheffield FC historian Graham Curry for this information.
21. Original Rules of Rugby, 21.
22. A. Harvey, Football: The First Hundred Years: The Untold Story (London: Routledge, 2005), 138–45.
23. Rules of Association Football, 10.
24. Harvey, Football, 162–4.
25. Harvey, Football, 164–71.
26. SM, February 1799, 297.
27. SM, April 1802, 58.
28. SM, December 1802, 132; May 1815, 88–9; June 1816, 197.
29. SM, July 1819, 187–8.
30. New Sporting Magazine, August 1839, 136.
31. Bell's Life in London, July 5, 1840; SM, August 1843, 418.
32. Bell's Life in London, January 5, 1845.
33. Original Rules of Tennis, 13–30.