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Articles

The Edinburgh 1970 British Commonwealth Games: Representations of Identities, Nationalism and Politics

Pages 454-475 | Published online: 30 Aug 2014
 

Abstract

This paper examines the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, held in Edinburgh. It discusses the marketing, ceremonial presentation, and iconography of an event dubbed ‘the Friendly Games’ by Prince Philip, but one that nevertheless had its share of boycott threats and political intrigue. The iconography of these events is placed within the context of Scottish national and political identity, as the presentation of the event – controversially, in some quarters – utilised Balmoral-esque ‘Scottish’ tropes, including tartan Scottish team uniforms, and the copious use of ‘Scottish’ music, imagery and literature in the media and ceremonial elements of the Games. It examines the marketing of the 1970 Games, inclusive of: sponsorship and advertising, the creation of a mascot and logo, and songs. The ceremonial elements of the competition, including the participation of the royal family, opening and closing ceremonies, stamps and medals, and the arrangements surrounding these events and objects are considered. This piece also briefly examines the context of Scottish/British domestic politics, as well as wider contemporary tensions related to ex-Empire nations' participation.

Notes

1. The notable exception is Karl Magee, ‘Boycotts and Bailouts: The Archives of the Commonwealth Games Council of Scotland’, African Research and Documentation 116 (2011).

2. Michael Dawson, ‘Acting Global, Thinking Local: “Liquid Imperialism” and the Multiple Meanings of the 1954 British Empire & Commonwealth Games’, International Journal of the History of Sport 23, no. 1 (2006): 3–27; Daniel Gorman, ‘Amateurism, Imperialism, Internationalism and the First British Empire Games’, International Journal of the History of Sport 27, no. 4 (2010): 611–34.

3. William Carmichael and M. McIntyre Hood, eds., The Official History of the IXth British Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh, Scotland, 16–25 July, 1970 (Edinburgh: The Organising Committee of the IXth British Commonwealth Games, 1970), 13

4. William Carmichael and M. McIntyre Hood, eds., The Official History of the IXth British Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh, Scotland, 16–25 July, 1970 (Edinburgh: The Organising Committee of the IXth British Commonwealth Games, 1970), 13–14.

5. Charlotte MacDonald, Strong, Beautiful and Modern: National Fitness in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada, 1935–1960 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011).

6. Kevin Jefferys, Sport and Politics in Modern Britain: The Road to 2012 (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012), 77–123.

7. Martin Polley, Moving the Goalposts: a History of Sport and Society Since 1945 (London: Routledge: 1998) 18–19.

8. Martin Polley, Moving the Goalposts: a History of Sport and Society Since 1945 (London: Routledge: 1998) 11.

9. David Black, ‘Dreaming Big: The Pursuit of “Second Order” Games as a Strategic Response to Globalization’, Sport in Society 11, no. 4 (2008): 467–80.

10. National Records of Scotland (NRS), ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, Main Organising Committee (MOC) (1968–1970), Progress Report by Sir Herbert A. Brechin, 2 May 1969.

11. 110,000 and a further 92,000 leaflets and a further 40,000 promoting local tourist attractions. Official History of the IXth British Commonwealth Games, (Anon.), 91; NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–69), 1.

12. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–69), Official Rotary Speech, 18 February 1969.

13. Approximately 6,000 copies of each newsletter were produced. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), Press and Public Relations Committee (PPRC).

14. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 91.

15. IXth British Commonwealth Games, News Letter 4 (September 1969), 4.

16. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 36.

17. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 91.

18. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 95

19. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 91

20. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), PPRC, ‘Scotland 70’ (information leaflet).

21. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), PPRC, ‘Scotland 70’ (information leaflet).

22. IXth British Commonwealth Games, Handbook for Competitors, 1970, 11.

23. Ian Brown, ed., From Tartan to Tartanry: Scottish Culture, History, Myth (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010). In this collection see especially J. Mark Percival, ‘Rock, Pop and Tartan’, 195–211; Hugh O'Donnell, ‘Class Warriors or Generous Men in Skirts? The Tartan Army in the Scottish and Foreign Press’, 212–32.

24. Tom Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism, 2nd ed (London: Verso, 1977, 1981), 148–69. ‘Kailyard’ refers to a genre of popular Scottish literature that romanticises Scottish history and geography, and it is highly controversial in Scottish cultural circles. For more information, see: Richard Cook, ‘The Home-ly Kailyard Nation: Nineteenth-Century Narratives of the Highland and the Myth of Merrie Auld Scotland’, English Literary History 66, no. 4 (1999): 1053–73.

25. Colin McArthur, ‘Scotland and Cinema: the Iniquity of the Fathers’, in Colin McArthur, ed., Scotch Reels: Scotland in Cinema and Television (London: BFI Publishing, 1982), 40–69.

26. Grant Jarvie, Highland Games: The Making of the Myth (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991); Tanja Bueltmann, ‘Manly Games, Athletic Sport and the Commodification of Scottish Identity: Caledonian Gatherings in New Zealand to 1915’, Scottish Historical Review LXXXIX, no. 2 (2010): 224–47.

27. Albert Mackie, ‘Highland Games and their history’, ed. Alastair Dunnett, IXth British Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh July 1970: Official Souvenir Brochure 6/- (Glasgow: MacLehose, 1970), 49–51.

28. Alasdair Durie, Scotland for the Holidays: Tourism in Scotland, c. 1780–1939 (Edinburgh: Tuckwell, 2003); Ian Yeoman et al., ‘Capturing the essence of a brand from its history: The case of Scottish tourism marketing’, Journal of Brand Management 13, no. 2 (November 2005): 134–47.

29. Stuart Kelly, Scott-land: The Man Who Invented Scotland (Edinburgh: Polygon, 2010), 198–211.

30. Anon., Scotland 1970: A Representation from the British Empire & Commonwealth Games Council Conveying a Cordial Invitation to hold the Ninth British Empire & Commonwealth Games, 1970, in Scotland.

31. Anon., Scotland 1970: A Representation from the British Empire & Commonwealth Games Council Conveying a Cordial Invitation to hold the Ninth British Empire & Commonwealth Games, 1970, in Scotland, 22–3.

32. Anon., Scotland 1970: A Representation from the British Empire & Commonwealth Games Council Conveying a Cordial Invitation to hold the Ninth British Empire & Commonwealth Games, 1970, in Scotland, 23–4.

33. Matthew L. McDowell, ‘“That Little Sugarloaf Island”: Ailsa Craig, Romance, Reality and the Branding of Scottish Sport and Leisure, 1707–2013’, Sport in History 34, no. 2 (2014): 249–75.

34. NRS, ED27/477 – British Commonwealth Games (BCG) 1970, Executive Committee (EC) (1967–68), Minute of Meeting of Executive Committee (EC), 11 December 1967.

35. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–68), Minute of Meeting of EC, 18 January 1968.

36. IXth British Commonwealth Games News Letter 4 (September 1969).

37. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–68), Minute of Meeting of Legal and Concessions Committee (LCC), 13 March 1968.

38. IXth British Commonwealth Games News Letter 4 (September 1969).

39. Tara Magdalinski, ‘“Cute, Loveable Characters”: The Place and Significance of Mascots in the Olympic Movement’, Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies XIII (2004): 75–92.

40. Tara Magdalinski, ‘“Cute, Loveable Characters”: The Place and Significance of Mascots in the Olympic Movement’, Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies XIII (2004): 75–92.

41. Tara Magdalinski, ‘“Cute, Loveable Characters”: The Place and Significance of Mascots in the Olympic Movement’, Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies XIII (2004): 75–92.

42. Mike McGuinness, ‘Some Reflections on Representations of the English Football Team through Ephemera from the 1966 World Cup to the Present’, Idrottsforum, 30 March 2011, http://www.idrottsforum.org/articles/mcguinness/mcguinness110330.html (accessed 21 January 2014)

43. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–68), Report by Councillor Magnus Williamson on talk with Walter Tuckwell & Co., London, 27 December 1967.

44. NRS, ED27/506 – BCG 1970, EC (1969–70), Minute of the Meeting of the EC, 22 January 1969, Minute of the Meeting of the EC, 10 March 1969.

45. Edinburgh Evening News, 29 April 1970.

46. Glasgow Herald, 27 July 1970.

47. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–68), Invitation to Tender for Medals, 1 March 1968.

48. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History.

49. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History.

50. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, Main Organising Committee (MOC) (1968–1970), Progress Report by Sir Herbert A. Brechin, 2 May 1969.

51. IXth British Commonwealth Games News Letter 9 (May 1970); Edinburgh Evening News, 29 April 1970.

52. IXth British Commonwealth Games News Letter 9 (May 1970); Sharon Liptrott, ‘Freedom Honour for David Stevenson’, Dumfries and Galloway Standard, 16 March 2012; ‘Former Olympian Opens New Stadium’, Hutchesons’ Grammar School, 16 December 2009, www.hutchesons.org/news/769 (accessed 26 August 2013).

53. Edinburgh Evening News, 29 April 1970.

54. IXth British Commonwealth Games News Letter 9 (May 1970).

55. IXth British Commonwealth Games News Letter, Edinburgh Evening News, 29 April 1970.

56. NRS, ED27/476 – BCG 1970, MOC (1967–70), Report on progress by Sir Herbert A. Brechin, 28 May 1970.

57. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–70), Press and Public Relations Committee (PPRC), Report by A.C. Trotter to the MOC, 30 January 1968.

58. Dunnett, ed., Official Souvenir Brochure, 8–15.

59. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), PPRC, 20 June 1968.

60. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), PPRC, 30 January 1968.

61. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), PPRC, 20 June 1968.

62. Scottish Tourist Board, ‘IXth British Commonwealth Games Edinburgh Scotland 16–25 July’.

63. Scottish Tourist Board, ‘IXth British Commonwealth Games Edinburgh Scotland 16–25 July’.

64. The Highlands and Islands Development Board, Invitation to the Highlands and Islands Exhibition, undated.

65. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–68), Minute of the Publications Sub-Committee of the PPRC, 18 January 1968.

66. Dunnett, ed., Official Souvenir Brochure, 9. For more on the historical aluminium industry in the Highlands, see Andrew Perchard, Aluminiumville: Government, Global Business and the Scottish Highlands (Lancaster: Crucible, 2012).

67. Dunnett, ed., Official Souvenir Brochure, 9. For more on the historical aluminium industry in the Highlands, see Andrew Perchard, Aluminiumville: Government, Global Business and the Scottish Highlands (Lancaster: Crucible, 2012) 12.

68. Dunnett, ed., Official Souvenir Brochure, 9. For more on the historical aluminium industry in the Highlands, see Andrew Perchard, Aluminiumville: Government, Global Business and the Scottish Highlands (Lancaster: Crucible, 2012) 15, 20, 27, 31, 44.

69. Dunnett, ed., Official Souvenir Brochure, 9. For more on the historical aluminium industry in the Highlands, see Andrew Perchard, Aluminiumville: Government, Global Business and the Scottish Highlands (Lancaster: Crucible, 2012) 15, 20, 27, 44.

70. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), MOC, 28 May 1970, Report by the Chairman of the Welcome Committee (WC).

71. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–68), Meeting of the EC, 11 December 1967.

72. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), MOC, Report by the Chairman of the Village Committee, 19 December 1968.

73. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 118–21.

74. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), MOC, Report by the Chairman of the WC, 28 May 1970.

75. IXth British Commonwealth Games News Letter 5 (January 1970).

76. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 49.

77. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), Report by the Chairman of the Ceremonial Committee (CC), 5 November 1969.

78. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), Report by the Chairman of CC, 5 November 1969.

79. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 391–403.

80. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 68–71.

81. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–68), EC, 11 December 1967.

82. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), Report by the Chairman of CC, 20 June 1968.

83. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), MOC, 14 November 1968.

84. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), MOC, 19 December 1968.

85. Tam Dalyell, ‘Obituary: Brigadier Jock Balharrie’, Independent, 15 February 1995.

86. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), Report to the MOC by Sir Herbert A. Brechin, 2 May 1969.

87. NRS ED27/492, BCG 1970, EC (1970), EC, 23 April 1970.

88. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 23–4.

89. NRS, ED27/477 – BCG 1970, EC (1967–68), Letter from I.M. Robertson to Mr. Weatherson, copy to Mr. Kidd (first names not available), undated (presumed January 1968).

90. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), Meeting the General Purposes Committee, 23 February 1970.

91. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 403.

92. Christopher Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics, 1707-present, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge, 1998), 169–97.

93. Catriona M.M. Macdonald, Whaur Extremes Meet: Scotland's Twentieth Century (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2009), 216–41; Ewen A. Cameron, Impaled upon a Thistle: Scotland Since 1880 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), 263–88.

94. Bruce Kidd, ‘The Campaign against Sport in South Africa’, International Journal 43, no. 4 (Autumn 1988): 643–64; Charles Little, ‘The Sports Boycott against Rhodesia Reconsidered’, Sport in Society 14, no. 2 (2011): 193–207.

95. Bruce K. Murray, ‘The Sports Boycott and Cricket: The Cancellation of the 1970 South African Tour of England’, South African Historical Journal 46 (May 2002): 219–49; Aviston D. Downes, ‘Sport and International Diplomacy: The Case of the Commonwealth Caribbean and the Anti-Apartheid Campaign, 1959–1992’, Sports Historian 22 (November 2002): 23–45. An examination of the Scottish responses to boycott during the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games will be the subject of future work by the authors. For more information on 1986, see Magee, ‘Boycotts and Bailouts’.

96. NRS, ED27/380/1 – BCG 1970, MOC (1968–1970), MOC, 28 May 1970.

97. Official Souvenir Brochure, 4.

98. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, inside cover.

99. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, inside cover. 27–28.

100. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 54–7.

101. Carmichael and Hood, eds., Official History, 54–7.

102. NRS, SOE3/546 – BCG 1970 – Visits by The Queen to the Commonwealth Games (VTQCG).

103. Martin Johnes, Wales since 1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012), 179–240.

104. NRS, SOE3/546 – BCG 1970 – VTQCG, R.C. Allan, Commonwealth Games – Closing Ceremony on Saturday 25 July.

105. Magee, ‘Boycotts and Bailouts’.

106. Magee, ‘Boycotts and Bailouts’. See also Donald Macintosh, Donna Greenhorn and David Black, ‘Canadian Diplomacy and the 1978 Edmonton Commonwealth Games’, Journal of Sport History 19, no. 1 (1992): 26–55.

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