Introduction: racism, protest, and the antecedents of the Black Lives Matter movement in the world of sports

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Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 Dain TePoel and John Nauright, ‘Black Lives Matter in the Sports World’, Sport in Society 24, no. 5 (2021): 694.

2 John Sinnott, ‘Football's Coming Home, but Taking a Knee Divides England Fans’, CNN, June 9, 2021 [updated], https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/05/football/euro-2020-england-taking-a-knee-spt-intl/index.html

3 Haroon Siddique, ‘Raab Betrays His Ignorance of the Origin and Meaning of Taking a Knee’, The Guardian, June 18, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/18/raab-betrays-his-ignorance-of-the-origin-and-meaning-of-taking-a-knee

4 Bernice King (@BerniceKing), ‘The real shame & disrespect is that, decades after the 1st photo, racism STILL kills people & corrupts systems. #America #TakeAKnee @POTUS23’, September 23, 2017, 3:49 pm Tweet, https://twitter.com/BerniceKing/status/911603501968642049

5 Ken Belson, ‘Tommie Smith’s Fist Is Still Raised: “We Still Need to Fight”’, The New York Times, June 13, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/13/sports/tommie-smith-protest-colin-kaepernick.html

6 For example, see TePoel & Nauright, ‘Black Lives Matter in the Sports World’; Adam B. Evans, Sine Agergaard, Paul Ian Campbell, Kevin Hylton, and Verena Lenneis, ‘“Black Lives Matter:” Sport, Race and Ethnicity in Challenging Times’, European Journal for Sport and Society 17, no. 4 (2020): 289–300.

7 Harry Edwards, ‘The Sources of the Black Athlete's Superiority’, The Black Scholar 3, no. 3 (1971): 40.

8 Siddharth Shirodkar, ‘Bias Against Indigenous Australians: Implicit Association Test Results for Australia’, Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues 22, nos. 3–4 (2019): 3–34.

9 Oliver Caffrey, ‘Lockett Gives Winmar Hall of Fame Nod’, Newcastle Herald, June 21, 2022, https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/7785035/lockett-gives-winmar-hall-of-fame-nod/

10 Nelson Mandela, quoted in Michelle Brassell, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility in the Sports Industry’ in Managing Sport: Social and Cultural Perspectives, eds. David Hassan and Jim Lusted (London: Routledge, 2013), 272.