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Research Article

When duty met wish: the recognition of the Francoist Spanish Olympic Committee by the IOC during the Civil War (1936–1939)

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Published online: 04 Jan 2024
 

ABSTRACT

The predominant view in the reviewed literature on how the IOC dealt with the Spanish question during the Civil War is that a conservative, aristocratic IOC, ideologically close to the Spanish rebels, swiftly recognised the Francoist Spanish Olympic Committee (SOC) set up in November 1937 to the detriment of the Republican equivalent based in Barcelona; that is, the IOC took sides and somehow betrayed the legitimate Republican SOC. The IOC undeniably sympathised with the insurgents and empathised with the persecuted members of the Spanish Olympic movement. Yet at the same time, by officially recognising the SOC reconstituted in San Sebastián by the IOC's representatives in Spain, the IOC was fulfilling its duty in the legal sense, as according to their statutes, a national Olympic Committee was valid only if constituted or supported by the IOC delegates in the incumbent nation. Moreover, the Republican SOC was disbanded in July 1936. Both its president and its general secretary escaped abroad to avoid political persecution. The Spanish Olympic Movement, therefore, did not split into two branches during the Civil War; it simply disappeared from the Republican side, ignored by those in command, in contrast with the ‘Olympic proactivism’ of the Francoists.

Acknowledgements

The author expresses his gratefulness for the very efficient help granted by the IOC Olympic Studies Centre’s staff, namely Núria Puig, Diego Girod and Estel Timofte, and to Prof. Miquel de Moragas for his friendship and continued academic inspiration and guidance.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 See, for instance, Xavier Pujadas and Carles Santacana, Història il·lustrada de l’esport a Catalunya (Barcelona: Diputació de Barcelona and Columna, 2005); Xavier Pujadas, ‘Entre estadios y trincheras. El deporte y la Guerra Civil en Cataluña (1936–1939)’, in Actas del X Congreso de Historia del Deporte (Sevilla: Comité Europeo de Historia del Deporte / Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 2005); Xavier Pujadas, ‘Les combats du sport républicain dans la guerre civile espagnole: mobilisation intérieure et reconnaissance internationale’. Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps 106 (2012); Andrés Domínguez and Xavier Pujadas, ‘Estadios y trincheras. Deporte y retaguardia en la guerra civil, 1936–1939)’, in Atletas y ciudadanos, ed. Xavier Pujadas (Madrid: Alianza, 2011); Conrado Durántez, El centenario del Comité Olímpico Español. Un siglo de olimpismo (Madrid: Comité Olímpico Español, 2013); Fernando Arrechea, España y los Juegos Olímpicos. Análisis de participación de los deportistas españoles en los JJOO de la Era Moderna e historia del movimiento olímpico español (PhD dissertation, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 2017); Julian Rieck, ‘Football as Alternative Diplomacy During the Civil War’, in Desde la capital de la República: nuevas perspectivas y estudios sobre la guerra civil española, ed. Sergio Valero Gómez and Marta García Garrión (Valencia: Universitat de València, 2018), 231–46; Alberto Aragón Pérez, Santiago Güell i López. El primer català al Comitè Olímpic Internacional (Barcelona: Fundació Barcelona Olímpica, 2013); Alberto Aragón Pérez, ‘El renacimiento de un COE con acento barcelonés: dictadura de Primo de Rivera y la II República (1921–1936)’, in El olimpismo en España. Una mirada histórica de los orígenes a la actualidad (Barcelona: Fundación Barcelona Olímpica, 2019), 67–94; Enrico Castro Montes, ‘Ambassadeurs op het sportfront. Sport, politiek en diplomatie tijdens de Spaanse Burgeroorlog (1936–1939)’, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 133, no. 4 (2021), 639–58.

2 Aragón, ‘El renacimiento de un COE’, 244.

3 Rieck, ‘Football as Alternative Diplomacy’.

4 Castro Montes, ‘Ambassadeurs op het sportfront’.

5 Email sent by the SOC secretariat to the author, December 22, 2022.

6 ‘Ante el próximo Congreso Olímpico Internacional que se celebrará en Barcelona’, La Vanguardia, March 22, 1931, 19. The mouthpiece of conservative Catalanism, La Veu de Catalunya, remained in high spirits concerning the Barcelona candidacy even after the advent of the new regime: ‘We are entitled to a great victory, which would be the highest honour for our country and the culmination of [our] task’. ‘Olímpiques. El comitè internacional’, La Veu de Catalunya, April 23, 8.

7 ‘La reunión del COI. La última sesión’, La Vanguardia, April 28, 1931, 18.

8 Minutes of the IOC Barcelona Session, April 25–26, 1931, IOC archives. In his memoirs, the leader of the main Catalanist conservative party, Francesc Cambó (who also fled to Paris these days), confesses his ‘terror’ at the possibility of the political revolution unleashing a violent, social one, as eventually happened five years later. See Francesc Cambó, Memòries (1876–1936) (Barcelona: laButxaca, 2008).

9 Pujadas and Santacana, Història il·lustrada.

10 ‘Sesión de constitución del Comité Olímpico Español’, La Vanguardia, April 29, 1930, 24.

11 Minutes of the IOC Barcelona Session, April 25–26, 1931, IOC archives.

12 Letter from Güell to Baillet-Latour, May 3, 1931. All letters cited in this article are kept in the IOC archives at Lausanne, unless otherwise stated.

13 Letter from Baillet-Latour to Güell, May 14, 1931.

14 ‘Olimpismo. Última reunión del Comité Olímpico Español’, La Vanguardia, May 31, 1931, 16.

15 Letter from Güell to Baillet-Latour, June 12, 1931.

16 See, for instance, La Rambla, May 4, 1931, 5; La Libertad, May 6, 1931, 4; El Liberal, May 9, 1931, 4; Heraldo de Madrid, May 26, 1931, 12; El Sol, May 28, 1931, 6.

17 Güell undertook the provisory chairmanship of the SOC until December 1932. ‘Olimpismo. La nueva constitución del Comité Olímpico Español’, La Vanguardia, December 24, 1932, 14.

18 ‘Esta noche se reúne el Comité Olímpico Español’, El Mundo Deportivo, March 3, 1932, 1.

19 ‘El Comité Olímpico ha hecho pública la nota de su reunión del jueves’, El Mundo Deportivo, May 1, 1932, 1.

20 ‘La ida de España a los Juegos Olímpicos está más que verde’, El Mundo Deportivo, April 13, 1932, 1.

21 ‘El Comité Olímpico Español da cuenta de su última reunión y facilita los datos de orden económico anunciados’, El Mundo Deportivo, May 26, 1932, 1.

22 Aragón, ‘El renacimiento de un COE’; Durántez, El centenario del Comité.

23 ‘Josep Antoni Trabal i Sans’, https://memoriaesquerra.cat/biografies/trabal-sans-josep-antoni, consulted November 2023.

24 See, for instance, Roger, ‘Una nova atzagaiada del Comitè Olímpic Espanyol’, La Humanitat, May 27, 1932, 2; ‘La Confederació Espanyola d’Atletisme referma les seves acusacions’, La Humanitat, June 7, 1932, 8.

25 ‘La Confederación Española de Atletismo no permite la participación de sus afiliados en los Juegos Olímpicos’, El Mundo Deportivo, April 20, 1932, 1.

26 ‘La confederación Española de Atlestimo contrareplica al Comité Olímpico Español’, El Mundo Deportivo, May 4, 1932, 1.

27 ‘El Comité Olímpico Español da cuenta de su última reunión y facilita los datos de orden económico anunciados’, El Mundo Deportivo, May 26, 1932, 1.

28 ‘El CO Español ha reformado sus estatutos’, El Mundo Deportivo, December 15, 1932, 1.

29 Pujadas and Santacana, Història il·lustrada; ‘Toma de posesión de cargos en el Comité Olímpico Español’, La Vanguardia, January 15, 1933, 16. According to Aragón (‘El renacimiento de un COE’), August Pi Sunyer was already a member of the SOC, but it seems that the actual member was his brother Josep Maria, representing the swimming federation. ‘Sesión de constitución del Comité Olímpico Español’, La Vanguardia, April 29, 1930, 24.

30 Jacint Corbella, ‘August Pi i Sunyer (1897–1965). La seva biografia’, in Centenari de la naixença d’August Pi i Sunyer. Actes commemoratius (Barcelona, 1989).

31 Arrechea, España y los Juegos.

32 See, for instance, ‘El Comité Olímpico Español visita al señor Lerroux’, La Vanguardia, March 28, 1935, 14.

33 ‘España irá a los JO de Berlín’, El Mundo Deportivo, April 11, 1935, 1. The Spanish participation in the games was agreed in the Cabinet meetings of April 26 and May 21, 1935. ‘El presidente del C. Olímpico Español, Dr. Augusto Pi y Suñer … precisa la actual situación respecto a la participación española en los juegos 1936’, El Mundo Deportivo, October 30, 1935, 1.

34 ‘Los últimos acuerdos del Comité Olímpico Español’, La Vanguardia, July 25, 1935, 10.

35 Aragón, ‘El renacimiento de un COE’.

36 ‘El presidente del C. Olímpico Español’.

37 Letter from Mesalles to Pierre de Coubertin, December 7, 1935.

38 ‘De momento se va a Garmisch y tengo la esperanza de que también se irá a Berlín … ’, El Mundo Deportivo, January 26, 1936, 1.

39 See, for instance, ‘Las sociedades obreras ante la Olimpiada de Berlín’, El Socialista March 12, 1936, 5; ‘Perquè [sic] som contraris de la participació als Jocs Olímpics de Berlín’, La Humanitat, June 5, 1936, 9.

40 See for instance, ‘Olimpismo. La última reunión del Comité Olímpico Español’, La Vanguardia, March 28, 1936, 14; ‘Olimpismo. La última reunión del Comité Olímpico Español’, El Mundo Deportivo, June 22, 1936, 7.

41 ‘Tras amplia deliberación se acordaron las líneas generales del laudo del ministro de trabajo sobre el conflicto de la construcción’, El Socialista, July 4, 1936, 3.

42 ‘Ha quedado constituido el Comité ejecutivo de la Olimpiada’, El Socialista, May 28, 1936, 5.

43 ‘El govern espanyol ha denegat la subvenció per als jocs olímpics de Berlín’, La Humanitat, June 27, 1936, 9.

44 ‘Olimpismo. Ya es un hecho. El gobierno español no da un céntimo … para que vaya ninguna representación civil a los Juegos de Berlín’. El Mundo Deportivo, June 27, 1936, 2.

45 The press reported about the War Ministry subsidising the participation of a military team in the Berlin horse riding competition. ‘Se confirma la participación de los equipos españoles de hípica militar en los JO de Berlín’, El Mundo Deportivo, June 28, 1936, 1.

46 ‘Olimpismo. La nota oficial del COE sobre su sesión del miércoles’, El Mundo Deportivo, July 3, 1936, 2.

47 ‘El “yatchman” Pedro Pi, del Marítimo, representante español en mono tipo “star”’, El Mundo Deportivo, July 10, 1936, 5; ‘El donostiarra Sarasua al batir al catalán Mora queda clasificado para ir a Berlín’, July 19, 1936, 2.

48 Carlos Sentís, ‘Catalanes en San Sebastián’, in Cataluña en la Guerra Civil Española (Barcelona: La Vanguardia, 1986).

49 Josep Maria Solé i Sabaté, Joan Villarroya, La repressió a la rereguarda de Catalunya (1936–1939) (Barcelona: Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, 1989).

50 J. L. Alcofar Nassaes, La marina italiana en la guerra de España (Barcelona: Euros, 1975), 317–8; Solé i Sabaté and Villarroya, La repressió a la rereguarda, 184.

51 Pedro Montoliú Camps, Madrid en la guerra civil: la historia (Madrid: Silex Ediciones, 1998); ‘Ha muerto el conde de Vallellano’, ABC, September 8, 1964, 29.

52 Comte de Güell, Journal d’un expatrié catalan (Monaco: Éditions du Rocher, 1946).

53 Aragón, ‘El renacimiento de un COE’.

54 Albert Manent, ‘1936. Com se salvaren els prohoms de la Lliga’, Serra d’Or 333 (1987).

55 Solé i Sabaté and Villarroya, La repressió a la rereguarda, 444.

56 ‘Narciso Masferrer ha muerto’, El Mundo Deportivo, April 10, 1941, 1; César Mora, ‘Narciso Masferrer, organizador de los primeros Salones Internacionales del Automóvil’, La Vanguardia, February 3, 1970, 41. Masferrer had substituted Manuel F. Creus as delegate of the Unión Velocipédica Española in March 1935; see ‘Olimpismo. La última reunión del Comité Olímpico Español’, El Mundo Deportivo, March 20, 1935, 2. According to the popular cycling journalist Ramon Torres, Masferrer was denounced as a monarchist and he barely saved his life because the leftist militiamen who searched his house recognised him as ‘the president of bicycles’ (R. Torres, ‘Semblanza de D. Narciso Masferrer Sala’, El Mundo Deportivo, September 6, 1968, 20).

57 Letter from Mesalles to Berdez, April 18, 1937.

58 Untitled short text, La Humanitat, November 26, 1931, 4. Primo de Rivera suddenly died in Paris in March 1930, shortly after his resignation.

59 Pere Pi-Sunyer i Bayo, Del vell i del nou món. Memòries (Barcelona: Edicions 62, 1992); ‘La cultura catalana en el extranjero’, La Vanguardia, April 29, 1937, 3; ‘Estudios científicos. Universitarios catalanes en el extranjero’, La Vanguardia, June 27, 1937, 3.

60 Carles Pi i Sunyer, La república y la guerra: memorias de un político catalán (México: Oasis, 1975).

61 Pi-Sunyer, Del vell i del nou món.

62 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, April 18, 1937.

63 Letter from Baillet-Latour to Berdez, April 21, 1937.

64 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, May 8, 1937.

65 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, June 21, 1937.

66 Letter from Berdez-Baillet-Latour, August 21, 1937.

67 Letter from Rosich to Berdez, June 24, 1937.

68 Letter from Berdez to Rosich, July 12, 1937.

69 Gaceta de la República, May 28, 1937.

70 ‘Polisportiva. La excelente labor del Consejo Nacional de Educación Física y Deportes’. El Mundo Deportivo, October 20, 1937, 1. This risk was real concerning football, as the Francoists had set up a parallel federation in San Sebastián in June 1937.

71 Durántez, El centenario del Comité Olímpico Español. Pujadas and Santacana (Història il·lustrada de l’esport a Catalunya) and Domínguez and Pujadas (‘Estadios y trincheras’) mention an earlier SOC meeting allegedly held in July 19 1937 under the chairmanship of Pi Sunyer, but this seems unlikely as, according to COE’s official historian, Conrado Durántez, the minutes of the August 27 meeting mention that the committee ‘had not met since the games of the XI Olympiad [Berlin]’ (Durántez, El centenario del Comité, 165), and on the other hand, Pi Sunyer had abandoned all Olympic activity after his ‘irrevocable’ resignation one year before (see above) and no letters from him are kept in the IOC archives. Furthermore, Pi Sunyer was in Paris in early August 1937 (‘Nota remitida desde París por Ángel Ossorio, embajador en París, a José Giral, ministro de Estado, relativa a la opinión sobre la situación de España que mantenía Augusto Pi Suñer’, August 5, 1937, Arcivo Histórico Nacional, pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/show/6351055), although this does not arguably exclude the possibility of him having been in Barcelona in late July. Olympic historian Alberto Aragón also claims that the late August 1937 meeting was the only one held by the Republican SOC during the war (Aragón, ‘El renacimiento de un COE’).

72 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, September 5, 1937.

73 ‘La muerte del barón de Coubertin’, El Mundo Deportivo, September 5, 1937, 1; ‘El fallecimiento del barón Pierre de Coubertin’, La Vanguardia, September 4, 1937, 3.

74 Letter from Baillet-Latour to Berdez, September 14, 1937.

75 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, July 13, 1937.

76 Letter from Mesalles to Berdez, October 23, 1937.

77 Letter from Güell, Moscardó and Mesalles to Berdez, November 20, 1937.

78 Letter from Berdez to Mesalles, December 14, 1937.

79 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, December 16, 1937.

80 The following issues of the bulletin, including its successor, the Olympische Rundschau, keep this address until issue number 6 of the latter (July 1939, when the Civil War was over), when it changes for the one of the definitive Madrid headquarters.

81 See, for instance, J. Miquelarena, ‘Reorganización del Comité Olímpico Español’, ABC (Sevilla edition), December 26, 1937, 17; ‘Notas del block’, El Diario Vasco, January 9, 1938, 4.

82 J. Miquelarena, ‘Reorganización del Comité Olímpico Español’, ABC (Sevilla edition), December 26, 1937, 17.

83 Letter from Mesalles to Berdez, December 31, 1937.

84 Letter from Vallellano to Baillet-Latour, August 19, 1938.

85 Durántez, El centenario del Comité Olímpico Español, 168; ‘Les nationaux espagnols vont réorganiser le Comité Olympique’, La Nation Belge, March 22, 1938, 7.

86 ‘Sobre la creación de un Comité Olímpico Español’, El Ideal Gallego, August 2, 1938, 1.

87 Boletín Oficial del Estado, August 29, 1938, n. 60.

88 Concerning the Francoists’ policy regarding football, see Bernat López, ‘Recognition, Ma Non Troppo: How FIFA Dribbled the Spanish Football Schism During the Civil War’. Soccer and Society, forthcoming.

89 Quoted in Durántez, El centenario del Comité, 171–2.

90 Durántez, El centenario del Comité; Aragón, ‘El renacimiento de un COE’.

91 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, February 14, 1938.

92 Patrick Clastres, ‘Neutralité politique, compromissions avec le régime nazi, continuité olympique. Les présidents successifs du CIO (1925–1972) au défi des Jeux de Berlin’, in Sport, corps et sociétés de masse. Le projet d’un homme nouveau, ed. George Bensoussan et al. (Paris: Armand Colin, 2011), 215.

93 Letter from Baillet-Latour to Berdez, November 17, 1938.

94 Letter from Baillet-Latour to Berdez, December 21, 1938.

95 Letter from Baillet-Latour to Prince Tokugawa, Professor Kano, Count Soyeshima and Dr. Nagai, March 1938.

96 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, July 21, 1938.

97 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, March 1, 1938.

98 Letter from Baillet-Latour to Berdez, March 18, 1938.

99 Philippe Vonnard and Grégory Quin, ‘Promouvoir et jouer au footall pendant la guerre’, Hispania Nova. Revista de historia contemporánea 17 (2019), 306–40.

100 Letter from Baillet-Latour to Berdez, December 9, 1939.

101 Florence Carpentier, ‘Le conflit entre le CIO et la FIFA dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Les Jeux olympiques contre la Coupe du Monde de football’, STAPS 68 (2005), 25–39. This hostility is openly expressed, for instance, in a letter Baillet-Latour sent to Coubertin in early 1926 where the former lambasted ‘democracy and parliamentarism’ as having ‘brought ruin to societies’ (Letter from Baillet-Latour to Coubertin, January 31, 1926).

102 Matti Goksøyr, ‘The Rings and the Swastika: Political Ambiguity in Sport before and during Second World War’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 36, no. 11 (2019), 998–1012; Vonnard and Quin, ‘Promouvoir et jouer au football’.

103 Comité International Olympique, ‘Le CIO et les Fédérations Internationales’, Bulletin Officiel du CIO 3 (July 1926).

104 Comité International Olympique, Comité International Olympique (Lausanne: Imprimeries Réunies SA, 1920), 9.

105 Internationales Olympisches Institut, Olympische Gesetze / Règles Olympiques / Olympic Rules (Berlin: Wilhelm Limpert-Verlag, 1938), 27.

106 Letter from Berdez to Baillet-Latour, December 16, 1937.

107 ‘Les Espagnols et le CIO’, Les Sports, October 22, 1938, 6.

108 As reflected, for instance, in the passivity of the Republican government vis-à-vis the participation of a Spanish national team in the 1937 Tour de France, or in its neglect of the (Republican) Spanish Football Federation. See, respectively, Bernat López, ‘Propaganda on Two Wheels: The Spanish Republican Team in the 1937 Tour de France’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 36, no. 2–3 (2019); López, ‘Recognition, Ma Non Troppo’.

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