Reliability and validity of a modified 3-minute all-out swimming test in elite swimmers

Abstract

Critical speed (CS) testing is useful in monitoring training in swimmers, however, completing a series of time trials (TTs) regularly is time-consuming. The 3-minute test may be a solution with positive initial findings. This investigation examined whether a modified 3-minute test (12 × 25 m) could assess CS and supra-CS distance capacity (D’) in swimmers. A series of 12 × 25 m intervals were completed unpaced at maximal effort, interspersed with 5 s rest periods. The model speed = a e^{b t} + c was fitted to the data and integrated to calculate D’. The slowest two of the last four efforts were averaged to calculate CS. To assess reliability, 15 highly trained swimmers (9 females, 6 males) completed the 12 × 25 m twice within 72 h. Four measures were deemed reliable: peak velocity (0.01 m s⁻¹; 0.5%, typical error and % coefficient of variation), CS (0.02 m s⁻¹; 1.2%), D’ (1.22 m; 5.7%) and drop off % (0.70% points; 4.5%). To assess criterion validity, 21 swimmers (9 from reliability, 12 other) completed two competition races within 2 weeks of a 12 × 25 m in the same stroke. Traditional CS and D’ measures were calculated from competition performances (TT method). TT CS and 12 × 25 m CS were highly correlated (adj. R² = 0.92, p < .001). D’ values were moderately correlated (adj. R² = 0.60, p < .01). Two TTs may have been too few to estimate D’ accurately. The 12 × 25 m all-out swimming test is a reliable method for assessing CS and D’ in swimmers, however, the validity of D’ requires further investigation.

Keywords:

• Critical speed
• D’
• anaerobic capacity
• anaerobic

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the technical assistance of the Performance Science staff and students at the Queensland Academy of Sport who collected data and helped develop the testing methodology. We also thank the participants who applied themselves impressively to the test and their coaches for being so enthusiastic in supporting this project.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

ORCID

Lachlan J. G. Mitchell http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1621-8026