Self-efficacy and stereotype threat effects on handgrip strength performance in less active people living with HIV

ABSTRACT

People living with HIV (PLHIV) are not physically active enough. As nonexercisers are perceived as less healthy, less active and less strong, it is likely that PLHIV would be subject to a nonexerciser stereotype threat. We looked to elucidate the effect of the emerging nonexerciser stereotype on handgrip strength performance among less active PLHIV. We also sought to observe the modulating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between stereotype activation and performance.

Eighteen PLHIV were recruited to participate in two experimental sessions in which both a stereotypical context and self-efficacy were manipulated. Participants performed a handgrip task comprising a 15-s fatiguing maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) exercise preceded (Pre) and followed (Post) by 5-s MVCs. In each session, (i.e. high and low self-efficacy), four experimental conditions (i.e. Control 1; Control 2; Stereotypical; Self-Efficacy) were performed.

A significant performance decrease of the 15-s fatiguing MVC exercise was systematically observed when the nonexerciser stereotype was induced (0.01 < p < 0.001). In addition, this performance re-increased after a high self-efficacy manipulation (p < 0.001). Pre- and post- 5-s MVCs were also significantly depressed after the stereotypical condition (0.01 < p < 0.001) and improved following high self-efficacy manipulation (p < 0.001).

Our results revealed a detrimental stereotype threat effect on performance during a handgrip task when the nonexerciser stereotype was activated. A high self-efficacy feedback increased performances significantly whereas no significant difference was observed between the stereotypical and low self-efficacy conditions. These results indicate that self-efficacy can modulate the deteriorating effect of a negative exercise stereotype on task performance in less active PLHIV.

Highlights

• Handgrip strength was decreased and performance fatigability increased when a negative exercise stereotype was induced.

• Performance fatigability and handgrip strength were restored after positive performance feedback was given.

• Positive task performance feedback could temper the detrimental effects of a negative stereotypical context among less active people living with HIV.

KEYWORDS:

• Performance
• fatigue
• chronic disease
• psychology
• exercise

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by a grant (SF/CRM/N°080) from the French National Agency for HIV Research (ANRS-Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales) as well as a Ph.D grant from the Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur Regional Council (Conseil Régional Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur).