Altitude differentially alters the force-velocity relationship after 3 weeks of power-oriented resistance training in elite judokas

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effects of a 3-week power-oriented resistance training programme performed at moderate altitude on the lower-limb maximal theoretical power and force-velocity (F-V) imbalance of elite judokas. Twenty-two elite male judokas were randomly assigned to either a hypobaric hypoxia or normoxia group. Mechanical outputs from an incremental loaded countermovement jump test were assessed at sea level, before and after training, and 1 week later. Results indicated an increase in the maximal theoretical force and a reduction in the F-V imbalance both at moderate altitude and sea level. Altitude training induced additional benefits when compared to sea level for F-V imbalance (8.4%; CI: 0.3, 17.3%), maximal theoretical power (2.09 W·kg⁻¹; CI: 0.13, 4.52 W·kg⁻¹) and force (1.32 N·kg⁻¹; CI: −0.12, 2.96 N·kg⁻¹), jump height (3.24 cm; CI: 2.02, 4.80 cm) and optimal maximal theoretical force (1.61 N·kg⁻¹; CI: 0.06, 3.60 N·kg⁻¹) and velocity (0.08 m·s⁻¹; CI: 0.00, 0.17 m·s⁻¹) after the training period. The hypoxia group achieved their best results immediately after the training period, while the normoxia group achieved them one week later. These results suggest that a power-oriented resistance training programme carried out at moderate altitude accelerates and improves the gains in lower-limb muscle power, while minimizing lower-limb imbalances. Therefore, it seems appropriate to compete immediately after the return to sea level and/or use altitude training as a tool to improve muscle power levels of athletes without tapering goals, especially in highly trained power athletes, since their window of adaptation for further power enhancement is smaller.

Highlights

• A 3-week power-oriented resistance training programme improved lower-limb mechanical outputs of elite judokas both at moderate altitude and sea level; training at moderate altitude increases and accelerates these improvements, reducing athletes’ imbalances.

• It may be optimal for judokas to compete immediately after the return to sea level and/or use altitude training as a tool to improve muscle power levels of athletes without tapering goals, especially in highly trained power athletes, since their window of adaptation for further power enhancement is attenuated.

• Athletes should ensure they possess adequate strength levels before employing a power-oriented training programme to potentiate further improvements in muscle power.

KEYWORDS:

• Judo
• hypoxia
• altitude training camp
• force-velocity relationship

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the volunteers, the High-Performance Centre of Valencia and the High-Performance Centre of Sierra Nevada for their contributions to this study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [grant no DEP2015-64350-P MINECO /FEDER ] and FPI pre-doctoral grant [grant no BES-2016-078035 awarded to one of the authors].