Prevalence and determinants of direct and generative modes of production of episodic future thoughts in the word cueing paradigm

Abstract

Recent research suggests that episodic future thoughts can be formed through the same dual mechanisms, direct and generative, as autobiographical memories. However, the prevalence and determinants of the direct production of future event representations remain unclear. Here, we addressed this issue by collecting self-reports of production modes, response times (RTs), and verbal protocols for the production past and future events in the word cueing paradigm. Across three experiments, we found that both past and future events were frequently reported to come directly to mind in response to the cue, and RTs confirmed that events were produced faster for direct than for generative responses. When looking at the determinants of direct responses, we found that most past and future events that were directly produced had already been thought of on a previous occasion, and the frequency of previous thoughts predicted the occurrence of direct access. The direct production of autobiographical thoughts was also more frequent for past and future events that were judged important and emotionally intense. Collectively, these findings provide novel evidence that the direct production of episodic future thoughts is frequent in the word cueing paradigm and often involves the activation of personally significant “memories of the future.”

Keywords:

• Episodic future thinking
• Autobiographical memory
• Episodic memory
• Retrieval processes
• Goals

Arnaud D'Argembeau is Research Associate of the Fund for Scientific Research (FRS–FNRS), Belgium.

Notes

¹We thank an anonymous reviewer for calling our attention to this possibility.