Arousal modulates valence effects on both early and late stages of affective picture processing in a passive viewing task

Abstract

Valence and arousal are primary dimensions of affective stimuli. An interaction of these two factors on affective processing is largely unknown. In this study, the processing of affective pictures was investigated in an orthogonal valence (positive vs. negative) by arousal (high vs. low) task design. Participants were instructed to passively view each presented picture and did not need to make any responses. The valence by arousal interaction was observed on three event-related potential (ERP) components, including the P2 (160–190 ms), N2 (220–320 ms) and late positive potential (LPP) (400–700 ms). This interaction revealed that negative pictures evoked larger neural responses compared with positive pictures (i.e., negative bias) at the high-arousal level, whereas negative pictures evoked smaller neural responses than positive pictures (i.e., positive offset) at the low-arousal level. The current results suggest that the effect of emotional valence on affective picture perception is modulated by levels of arousal at both early and late stages of processing. Finally, the main effect of valence was evident in the P1 component (90–110 ms) and arousal effect in the N1 component (120–150 ms).

Keywords:

• Valence
• Arousal
• Event-related potential (ERP)
• Emotion
• Positive offset
• Negative bias

The authors thank Dr. Stefan Wiens and Dr. Steve Hillyard for providing helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) [grant nos. 2014CB744600 and 2011CB711000] and the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant nos. 91132704, 31171004, 31300847].