The macrophage stimulating anti-cancer agent, RRx-001, protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury

ABSTRACT

Background: RRx-001, a clinical macrophage-stimulating anti-cancer agent that also produces nitric oxide (NO) was studied in a model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Methods: The production of NO is dependent on the oxygen tension because nitric oxide synthases convert l-arginine to NO and l-citrulline in the presence of O₂. Since the P450 enzymes, which metabolize nitrate esters such as nitroglycerin are dependent on oxygen, the generation of ‘exogenous’ NO is also sensitive to alterations in tissue PO₂. I/R injury was studied in a hamster chamber window, with compression of the periphery of the window for 1 h to induce ischemia. Animals received RRx-001 (5 mg/kg) 24 h before ischemia and sodium nitrite (10 nmols/kg) was supplemented 10 min after the start of reperfusion. Vessel diameter, blood flow, adherent leukocytes, and functional capillary density were assessed by intravital microscopy at 0.5, 2, and 24 h following the release of the ischemia.

Results: The results demonstrated that, compared to control, RRx-001 preconditioning increased blood flow and functional capillary density, and preserved tissue viability in the absence of side effects over a sustained time period.

Conclusion: Thus, RRx-001 may serve as a long-lived protective agent during postsurgical restoration of flow and other ischemia-reperfusion associated conditions, increasing blood flow and functional capillary density as well as preserving tissue viability in the absence of side effects.

KEYWORDS:

• Ischemia-reperfusion injury
• RRx-001
• oncology
• nitric oxide
• functional capillary density

Declaration of interest

B Oronsky is employed by EpicentRx. S Caroen is employed by EpicentRx. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Additional information

Funding

This manuscript was not funded.