Preparation and investigation of an eco-friendly plywood adhesive composed of sucrose and ammonium polyphosphate

ABSTRACT

In this study, sucrose and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were utilized as the raw materials to prepare an environmentally-friendly plywood adhesive. The bonding performance results showed that the optimal synthesis conditions of the sucrose-ammonium polyphosphate (SAPP) adhesive were an 80/20 mass ratio (sucrose/APP) at 115 ^oC for 3 h, and the optimal manufacturing conditions were 170 ^oC for 7 min. In addition, the maximum wet shear strength of the obtained three-ply plywood was 0.81 MPa, which satisfied the China National Standard GB/T 9846–2015 (wet shear strength≥0.7 MPa). The insoluble mass proportion was positively associated with the heating temperature and time. The TG and DSC analysis showed that a rapid mass loss of the SAPP adhesive occurred at 143.4 ^oC, and endothermic peaks appeared at 136.2 and 156.4 ^oC. The ¹³C NMR spectra showed that the adhesive contained monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, ketones, HMF, Schiff bases, and various other unknown substances. This implies that hydrolysis, caramelization, and the Amadori rearrangement occurred during synthesis. Furthermore, the FT-IR and Py-GC/MS results indicated that the cured SAPP adhesive was a complex polymer containing furan and nitrogenous compounds, which were connected by dimethylene ether bridges.

KEYWORDS:

• Sucrose
• ammonium polyphosphate
• eco-friendly adhesive
• plywood

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M661853) and Ministry of education industry-school cooperative education program (20210298010). The authors are thanks for the testing support by Advanced Analysis and Testing Center of Nanjing Forestry University.

Authors’ contributions

Qiumu Lin: Proposed the concept, investigated curing behaviour and curing mechanism, and writing the manuscript.

Xue Zhang: Investigated the results of bonding performance.

Nan Zhu and Sukma Surya Kusumah: Review and editing the manuscript.

Kenji Umemura: Proposed the concept and guided the experiments.

Zhongyuan Zhao: Prosed the research plan, analyzed the curing behaviour and adhesion mechanism, and reviewed the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

There are data and materials obtained during research followed by testing, analyzing and discussing.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

List of abbreviation

SAPP—–Sucrose and ammonium polyphosphate.

APP—–Ammonium polyphosphate.

SADP—–Sucrose-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.

ADP—–Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.

TG—–Thermogravimetric.

DSC—–Differential scanning calorimetry.

¹³C NMR—–¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance.

FT-IR—–Fourier-transform infrared.

Py-GC/MS—– Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M661853)