Notes
1 Descartes, Discourse on Method, in Philosophical Writings, translated and edited by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, D. Murdoch and A. Kenny, 3 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985–91), vol. 1, 122; (Descartes, Oeuvres, edited by C. Adam and P. Tannery, 11 vols (Paris: Vrin, 1964–74), vol. 6, 23).
2 Descartes, Discourse, 123 (AT, vol. 6, 25).
3 Descartes, Discourse, 124 (AT, vol. 6, 25–6).
4 Descartes, Discourse, 122–3 (AT, vol. 6, 23–4).
5 Descartes, Discourse, 23 (AT, vol. 6, 23).
6 For details of Descartes’s defensive posture with respect to the subject matter of his science, see S. Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 354ff.
7 Diderot, in Histoire philosophique et politique des établissemens et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes, edited by G.‐T. Raynal, third edition, 9 vols (Geneva, 1783), Bk XIX, ch. 2; translation in Diderot: Political Writings, edited by J. H. Mason and R. Wokler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 209. On Diderot’s political philosophy, see Y. Bénot, Diderot: de l’athéisme à l’anticolonialisme (Paris: Maspero, 1970), and S. Muthu, Enlightenment against Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
9 Jacob.
8 M. Jacob, ‘The Clandestine Universe of the Early Eighteenth Century’, 2001. This useful essay is currently accessible only in an online version through http://www.pierre-marteau.com/html/studies.html.
10 R. Darnton, The Forbidden Best‐Sellers of Pre‐Revolutionary France (London and New York: Norton, 1995).
11 Descartes, Passions of the Soul, Pt II, § 137; in Philosophical Writings, I: 376; (AT XI: 429–30).
12 Spinoza, Short Treatise, in Collected Works, edited and translated by E. Curley (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), vol. 1, 55.
13 Diderot, Histoire (1783) Bk XVIII, ch. 42, translated in Writings, 199–200.
14 Diderot, Histoire, Bk XI: XXIV; second edition, 10 vols (Geneva, 1781), vol. 6, 192.
15 Diderot, Histoire (1783); Bk XVIII, ch. 4, translated in Writings, 197.
16 Diderot, Histoire, Bk XIV, Introduction, translation in Writings, 189.
17 Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Bk II, ch. 28, §11, edited by P. H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975), 354.
18 R. Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society (Oxford: Berg, 1987). Koselleck, however, considered the Enlightenment a failure, for reasons that are not entirely clear from this study.
19 See I. Hunter, Rival Enlightenments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
20 Muthu, Enlightenment against Empire, 1.
21 Muthu, 72–3.
22 Diderot, Histoire (1781), Bk VI, ch. 1; vol. 3, 290.
23 Diderot, Histoire, Bk XIX, ch. 15; vol. 10, 421.
24 Diderot, Histoire, vol. 10, 422.
26 Diderot, Histoire (1781), Bk VII, ch. 1; vol. 4, 1.
25 Muthu, Enlightenment, 116.
27 Diderot, Histoire, Bk VI, ch. 7; vol. 3, 327.
28 Diderot, Histoire (1781) Bk XIX, ch. 12, translated by Muthu, Enlightenment, 119.
29 Diderot, Histoire, Bk XI, ch. 24; translated by Muthu, 199–200.
30 Diderot, Histoire, Bk X1, ch. 4, Writings, 184.
31 Diderot, Histoire, Bk XVIII, ch. 42, translated in Writings, 200–1.
35 Kant, ‘Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View’, translated by L. W. Beck, Kant: On History (Indianapolis: Bobbs‐Merrill, 1963), 17–18. On Kant’s philosophy of history, see G. A. Kelly, ‘Rousseau, Kant and History’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 29 (1968), 347–64; Y. Yovel, Kant and the Philosophy of History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980); A. Wood, ‘Unsociable Sociability: The Anthropological Basis of Kantian Ethics’, Philosophical Topics, 19 (1991), 325–51.
32 J. A. Zammito, The Genesis of Kant’s Critique of Judgment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 190.
33 Kant’s critique of Forster appeared as Ueber den Gebrauch der teleologischen Prinzipien in der Philosophie (1788).
34 M. Larrimore, ‘Sublime Waste: Kant on the Destiny of the Races’, in Civilization and Oppression, edited by C. Wilson, Canadian Journal of Philosophy. Supplementary Volume, 29 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1999), 99–125.
36 Critique of Judgement, translated by W. S. Pluhar (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987, 452).
37 Kant, ‘Perpetual Peace’, in Perpetual Peace and Other Essays, translated by T. Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1983), 44.
38 Kant, ‘Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View’, translated by Beck, 15–16.
39 Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals; translated by M. Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 48.
40 Kant, ‘On the Common Saying That May be Correct in Theory but It is of No Use in Practice’, in Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy, translated and edited by M. Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 291.
41 Kant, ‘On the Common Saying’, 292.
42 Kant, Groundwork IV: 410; translated by Gregor, 22.
43 Diderot, Histoire (1783), Bk IV, ch. 33; vol. 2, 499.
45 Kant, ‘On the Common Saying’, 308.
44 Kant, ‘On the Common Saying’, 309.
46 Hegel, Introduction, Reason in History, translated by R. S. Hartman (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1953), 18.
47 Hegel, Introduction, 21.
48 Hegel, Introduction, 23.