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Notes
1C.V. Gardner, ‘Catharine Macaulay's Letters on Education: Odd but Equal’, Hypatia, 13:1 (1998), 118–37; C.V. Gardner, Rediscovering Women Philosophers: Philosophical Genre and the Boundaries of Philosophy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000), Chapter 2: ‘Catherine Macaulay's Letters on Education: What Constitutes a Philosophical System’, 17–46; W. Gunther-Canada, ‘The Politics of Sense and Sensibility: Mary Wollstonecraft and Catherine Macaulay Graham on Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France’, in Women Writers and the Early Modern Political Tradition, edited by H. Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 126–47; W. Gunther-Canada, ‘Cultivating Virtue: Catharine Macaulay and Mary Wollstonecraft on Civic Education’, Women and Politics 25:3 (2003), 47–70; W. Gunther-Canada, ‘Catharine Macaulay on the Paradox of Paternal Authority in Hobbesian Politics’, Hypatia, 21:2 (2006), 150–73; P. Hicks, ‘Catharine Macaulay's Civil War: Gender, History, and Republicanism in Georgian Britain’, Journal of British Studies, 41:2 (2002), 170–99; K. O'Brien, ‘Catharine Macaulay's Histories of England: A Female Perspective on the History of Liberty’, in Women, Gender and Enlightenment, edited by S. Knott and B. Taylor (Houndsmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005), 523–37; K. O'Brien, ‘Catharine Macaulay's Histories of England: Liberty, Civilization and the Female Historian’, Chapter 4 in Women and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 152–72; J.G.A. Pocock, ‘Catherine Macaulay: Patriot Historian’, in Women Writers, 243–58; D. Looser, ‘“Those historical laurels which once graced my brow are now in their wane”: Catherine Macaulay's Last years and Legacy’, Studies in Romanticism, 42:2 (2003), 203–25; C. Titone, Gender Equality in the Philosophy of Education: Catherine Macaulay's Forgotten Contribution (New York: Peter Lang, 2004); S. Wiseman, ‘Catharine Macaulay: History, Republicanism and the Public Sphere’, in Women, Writing and the Public Sphere, 1700–1830, edited by E. Eger, et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 181–99.
2E. O'Neill, ‘Disappearing Ink: Early Modern Women Philosophers and Their Fate in History’, in Philosophy in a Feminist Voice: Critiques and Reconstructions, edited by J.A. Kournay (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 17–62.
3For contemporary praise for her history see B. Hill, The Republican Virago: The Life and Times of Catharine Macaulay, Historian (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 39–40. For her influence in America see Hill, The Republican Virago, 184–204 and C.H. Hay, ‘Catharine Macaulay and the American Revolution’, The Historian 65:2 (1994), 301–16.
4Early discussions of Macaulay include S. Staves, ‘“The Liberty of a She-Subject of England”: Rights Rhetoric and the Female Thucydides’, Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature, 1:2 (1989), 161–83; and B. Hill and C. Hill, ‘Catharine Macaulay and the Seventeenth Century’, The Welsh History Review, 3 (1967), 381–402.
5C. Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James 1. to that of the Brunswick Line, 8 vols (London: J. Nourse, 1763–83); C. Macaulay, Loose Remarks on Certain Positions to be Found in Mr Hobbes's ‘Philosophical Rudiments of Government and Society’, with a Short Sketch of a Democratical Form of Government, In a Letter to Signor Paoli (London, 1767); C. Macaulay, History of England, From the Accession of James 1 to the Elevation of the House of Hanover, third edition, 5 vols (London, 1769–72); C. Macaulay, Observations on a Pamphlet Entitled ‘Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents’ (London, 1770); C. Macaulay, A Modest Plea for the Property of Copyright (Bath, 1774); C. Macaulay, Address to the People of England, Scotland, and Ireland on the Present Important Crisis of Affairs (London, 1775); C. Macaulay, History of England from the Revolution to the Present Time in a Series of Letters to a Friend (Bath, 1778); C. Macaulay, A Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth (London, 1783); C. Macaulay, Observations on the Reflections of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, on the Revolution in France, in a Letter for the Right Hon. The Earl of Stanhope (London, 1790); C. Macaulay, Letters on Education. With Observations on Religious and Metaphysical Subjects (London, 1790; reprint London: Garland, 1974).
6Some are now available online through the Gilder Lehrman Collection of the New York Historical Society, http://www.gilderlehrman.org/ The rest can be consulted on microfilm.
7K. Davies, Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
9Macaulay, Observations on the Reflections, 16–17.
8J. Broad and K. Green, A History of Women's Political Thought in Europe, 1400–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
13Macaulay, Observations on the Reflections, 31–2.
10Pocock, ‘Catherine Macaulay’, 244.
11Pocock, ‘Catherine Macaulay’, 246.
12Macaulay, History of England, From James 1 to the House of Hanover, vol. 4, 403–4.
14Pocock, ‘Catherine Macaulay’, 247.
15Pocock, ‘Catherine Macaulay’, 251, 57–8.
16Hicks, ‘Catharine Macaulay's Civil War’.
17Hill, Republican Virago, 149–63; L.E. Withey, ‘Catherine Macaulay and the Uses of History: Ancient Rights, Perfectionism, and Propaganda’, Journal of British Studies, 16:1 (1976), 59–83; S. Hutton, ‘Liberty, Equality and God: The Religious Roots of Catharine Macaulay's Feminism’, in Women, Gender and Enlightenment, 538–50; S. Hutton, ‘Virtue, God and Stoicism in the thought of Elizabeth Carter and Catharine Macaulay’, in Virtue, Liberty and Toleration: Political Ideas of European Women 1400–1800, edited by J. Broad and K. Green (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007), 137–48.
18See Hill, Republican Virago, 170–72.
19R. Perry does in fact claim Astell as ‘a figure of the English Enlightenment’ in ‘Mary Astell and Enlightenment’, in Women, Gender and Enlightenment, 357–70 (357), but even she has to admit that ‘her conclusions can hardly be called paradigmatic of the Enlightenment thought’ for she was against toleration, class leveling and the rights of individuals (366).
20Séverine Auffret, editor of some of Suchon's work, Sonia Bertoloni and Michèle le Doeuff are collectively responsible for her recent emergence from obscurity. See S. Bertolini, ‘Gabrielle Suchon: une vie sans engagement?’ Australian Journal of French Studies, 37:3 (2000), 289–308; M. le Dœuff, Le sexe du savoir (Paris: Aubier, 1998); M. le Dœuff, The Sex of Knowing, translated by L. Code and K. Hamer (London: Routledge, 2003), 34–42; M. le Dœuff, ‘Gabrielle Suchon’, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1998); M. le Dœuff, ‘Feminism is Back in France, or Is it?’, Hypatia, 15:4 (2000), 243–55. See also P. Ronzeaud, ‘La femme au pouvoir ou le monde à l'envers’, Dix-septième siècle 108 (1975), 9–33; V. Desnain, ‘The Origins of la vie neutre: Nicolas Cassin's Influence on the Writings of Gabrielle Suchon’, French Studies, 63:2 (2009), 148–60.
21G. Suchon, Traité de la Morale & de la Politique, divisé en trois parties; savoir, la liberté & l'autorité, où l'on voit que les personnes d'un sexe, pour en être privées, ne laissent pas d'avoir une capacité naturelle qui peut les en rendre participants: Avec un petit Traité de la foiblesse, de la légèreté & de l'inconstance qu'on leur attribuë mal-à-propos (Lyon, 1693); and G. Suchon, Traité du Célibat volontaire, ou la Vie sans engagement, 2 vols. (Paris, 1700). Modern French editions include G. Suchon, Traité de la morale et de la politique: la liberté, edited by S. Auffret (Paris: Des Femmes, 1988); G. Suchon, Du célibat volontaire, ou la vie sans engagement, edited by S. Auffret (Paris: Indigo & Côté-femmes, 1994); G. Suchon, Traité de la morale et de la politique: la contrainte, edited by S. Auffret (Paris: Indigo & Côté-femmes, 1999); and G. Suchon, Petit Traité de la faiblese, de la lègèreté et de l'inconstance qu'on attribue aux femmes mal à propos, edited by S. Auffret (Paris: Arléa, 2002). A selection of her works has been recently translated by D.C. Stanton and R.M. Wilkin as G. Suchon, A Woman who Defends all the Persons of Her Sex (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010). Since this translation appeared after I wrote this paper, I inserted references to this work but retained my own translations of Suchon.
22M. Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, Parts I and II, edited by P. Springborg (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1997); M. Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, third edition (London: R. Wilkin, 1706); J. Broad and K. Green, History of Women's Political Thought, 263.
23Suchon, Traité, 23; A Woman, 100.
24Suchon, Traité, 110–17; Suchon, A Woman, 87–98.
26Suchon, Traité, 123; A Woman, 117.
29Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, 16.
25M. Astell, The Christian Religion, As Profess'd by a Daughter of The Church of England. In a Letter to the Right Honourable, T.L.C.I. (London, 1705), 278. The most thorough account of Astell's life and writings is R. Perry, The Celebrated Mary Astell: An Early English Feminist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). P. Springborg, Mary Astell: Theorist of Freedom from Domination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), and the essays in Mary Astell: Reason, Gender, Faith, edited by W. Kolbrener and M. Michelson (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), provide more recent scholarly discussions.
27Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, 4.
28Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, 16.
30Macaulay, Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 197; E. Carter, All the Works of Epictetus which are now Extant; Consisting of his Discourses, Preserved by Arrian, In Four Books, The Enchiridion, and Fragments (London, 1758); Hill, Republican Virago, 11.
31See the letters from Elizabeth Carter and Elizabeth Montagu quoted in Hill, Republican Virago, 41, 133.
32Reproduced in Hill, Republican Virago, Figure 5.
33E. Carter, Letters from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter, to Mrs. Montagu, between the Years 1755 and 1800. Chiefly upon Literary and Moral Subjects (London, 1817).
34I. Grundy, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 36–7; Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Letters of the Right Honorable Lady M__y W__y M__e: Written, during her Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa, to Persons of Distinction, second edition (Dublin, 1763), iii–iv.
35See Perry, Mary Astell, 268–81, for an account of these links.
36Carter, Epictetus, ii, xxiii.
37Macaulay, Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 98–101.
38Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, Preface.
39Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, Preface.
42Astell, An Impartial Enquiry, 17–18.
43Astell, An Impartial Enquiry, 33.
40Astell's Jacobite sympathies are discussed at some length in Perry, Mary Astell, 172–80.
41M. Astell, An Impartial Enquiry into the Causes of Rebellion and Civil War in this Kingdom (London: R. Wilkin, 1704), 8.
45Hume, The History of Great Britain, vol. 1, 470.
44D. Hume, The History of Great Britain, vol. 1, containing the reigns of James I and Charles I (Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour and Neill, 1754), 460.
47Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, 83–4.
48Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, 91–2.
46H. Mancini and M. Mancini, Memoirs, translated by S. Nelson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008).
49Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, Preface.
50Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, Preface.
52Macaulay, Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 158.
51Macaulay, Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 133–4.
53Macaulay, Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 127–58.
55Astell, Reflections upon Marriage, 87.
56Macaulay, Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 52.
54Macaulay, Letters on Education, 210.
58Macaulay, Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 234.
57Macaulay, Observations on the Reflections, 9.
59Astell, Preface, Reflections upon Marriage.
60Macaulay, Observations on the Reflections, 17.
61Macaulay, Letters on Education, 207.
62Macaulay, Observations on a Pamphlet, 10.
63Macaulay, Letters on Education, 240.
64Astell, Christian Religion, vol. 1, 117.
65Macaulay, Observations on the Reflections, 30–1.
66Macaulay, Letters on Education, 403–4. See also Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, 129–30.
67Macaulay, Letters on Education, 15–22.
68M. Wollstonecraft, The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, 7 vols, edited by J. Todd and M. Butler (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1989), vol. 5, 229–50.
69Wollstonecraft, Works, vol. 5, 174–5; B. Hill, ‘The Links between Mary Wollstonecraft and Catharine Macaulay: New Evidence’, Women's History Review 4:2 (1995), 177–92.
70Macaulay, Letters on Education, 198, 203.
71Macaulay, Letters on Education, 201.
72Macaulay, Letters on Education, 206.
73Macaulay, Letters on Education, 221.
74Wollstonecraft, Works, vol. 7, 314.
75Wollstonecraft, Works, vol. 5, 81.
76Wollstonecraft, Works, vol. 5, 104.
77Wollstonecraft, Works, vol. 5, 90–2, 107–20.
78Macaulay, History of England, From James 1 to the House of Hanover, vol. 1, v.
79J.-J. Rousseau, Oeuvres Complètes (Paris: Gallimard, 1959), vol. 1, 9.
80Macaulay, Loose Remarks, 6–7; Staves, ‘Liberty of a She-Subject’, 164; Hill, Republican Virago, 177.
81K. Green, ‘Madeleine de Scudéry on Love and the Emergence of the “Private Sphere”’, History of Political Thought 30:2 (2009), 272–85.
82O'Brien comments on Macaulay's suspicions with regard to ‘chivalry’: ‘Catharine Macaulay's Histories of England’, 152.