The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR): a novel approach for examining social environments in youth sport

ABSTRACT

The interactions between athletes, parents, and coaches outside of the immediate training and competition environments can shape sport participants’ overall experiences. Accordingly, researchers have explored novel approaches that enable the investigation of experiences that occur beyond the sport activity itself. Technological innovations, combined with careful ethical considerations, have led to the development of research methods that can be used to assess participant conversations in their natural sport and social environments. This article introduces sport researchers to the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), an ambulatory ecological assessment method that provides access to daily social interactions among athletes, parents, and coaches within and beyond the immediate sport activity (e.g. commute to/from activity, locker rooms, hotels). The EAR software is embedded within a portable device (e.g. Android device) and is programmed to record brief segments of audio from participants’ daily lives. In addition to discussing the utility of this approach for sport contexts, we introduce the Audio Coding System for Social Environments in Sport (ACSSES), which was developed to assess the interactions captured from athletes’ natural sport and social environments using the EAR. Evidence for the reliability and validity of the ACSSES, the associated coder training protocol, and proposed implications for research are discussed.

KEYWORDS:

• Behavioural observation
• coding system
• social identity
• moral behaviour
• youth sport

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 A comprehensive discussion differentiating quantitative and qualitative methods is a complex issue and is beyond the scope of this article (for a review see Creswell & Creswell, 2018).

2 EAR software for Apple’s operating system (iOS) has been discontinued. Our research team has used an adapted version of iOS-based EAR software developed at Wayne State University (i.e. SlatchEAR).

3 The ACSSES Coding Manual is available via (insert Figshare link).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Insight [grant number 435-2016-0591].