Physical activity and sense of coherence: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

The salutogenic model of health proposes that sense of coherence, a multi-dimensional construct representing individuals’ perceptions that their environment is comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful, is a key determinant of stress management and well-being. Generalized resistance resources such as preventive health orientation, material resources, and social support are proposed as determinants of sense of coherence. Health behaviors, particularly physical activity, are proposed as indicators of a preventive health orientation and predictors of sense of coherence. We synthesized research on the relationship between physical activity and sense of coherence using three-level meta-analysis, and tested effects of key moderators of the relationship. Database and manual searches identified 52 studies meeting inclusion criteria with 73 effect sizes testing the relationship. The analysis revealed a small non-zero physical activity-sense of coherence correlation with significant heterogeneity. Demographic variables, version of sense of coherence scale, physical activity measure, study design and quality, physical activity intensity, and time lag did not moderate the correlation. Findings suggest a robust but small correlation between physical activity participation and sense of coherence across studies. Studies that test the relationship using experimental or intervention designs, adopt more precise measures, and include measures of other health behaviors and generalized resistance resources are needed.

KEYWORDS:

• Sense of coherence
• salutogenic model of health
• physical activity
• exercise
• generalized resistance resources
• health behavior

Acknowledgements

We thank the following authors for providing requested data for this analysis; Konstantinos G. Baxevanos, Michal Bronikowski, Anna Daderman, Shintaro Endo, Sophia Jörgensen, Torunn Hatlen Nøst, Kasper Olesen, Chris J. Packard, Jochen Mayer, Ulrich Wiesmann, Shinichi Nagata, & Åse Hansen. We also thank research assistants Kate Bryan and Brisa Gonzalez for assistance with the screening process.

Declaration of interest

Study materials, data files, data analysis scripts, and analysis output presented in this manuscript can be found at https://osf.io/fv6n4/?view_only=58dade398bc045f38c981091a61e98c9. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 The final sample of studies included unpublished dissertations (k = 5; Floyd, 2007; Lei, 2018; Nagata, 2017; Santhouse, 2008; Skirka, 2000), an unpublished conference paper (Endo et al., 2012a), and an unpublished conference abstract (Endo et al., 2012b).

2 The data file used in the meta-analysis including effect sizes and moderator coding is available online: https://osf.io/fv6n4/?view_only=58dade398bc045f38c981091a61e98c9

Additional information

Funding

Martin S. Hagger’s contribution was supported by Finland Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) grant from Business Finland (Grant #1801/31/2015).