6. Outdoor Activities And Landscaping: Understanding Natures In The Plural¹

1. The chapter is in its historical part based on a lecture for sociologists and grassroots movements in South Aizu (Japan), published in Japanese in Matsumura 1999. The analysis of contemporary outdoor activities is based on a lecture at the Józef Piłsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, January 2006, which was published in Idō, Ruch dla Kultury/Movement for Culture (Rzeszów, Poland) 7 (2007).

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Notes

1. The chapter is in its historical part based on a lecture for sociologists and grassroots movements in South Aizu (Japan), published in Japanese in Matsumura 1999. The analysis of contemporary outdoor activities is based on a lecture at the Józef Piłsudski Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, January 2006, which was published in Idō, Ruch dla Kultury/Movement for Culture (Rzeszów, Poland) 7 (2007).

2. For a comparative survey of the law in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden see the report of the Nordic Council of Ministers, Allemansrätten 1997.

3. It is ironical that Soviet Russia's GTO movement copied much of the bourgeois scout pattern in their ‘Ready for defence and labour’ project.

4. Paintball is an outdoor team game imitating war. The players use compressed-gas powered guns, hitting opponents with pellets containing paint.

5. On the two contrasting practices and their current integration among young people's friluftsliv see: Lars K. Mogensen in Liedtke and Lagerstr⊘m 2007; Andkjær 2008.

6. Niels Ejby Ernst is writing a Ph.D. dissertation about the phenomenon at the University of Aarhus.

7. In 2003 for instance, 332 courses were held, most of these arranged for schools, teacher colleges and other institutions (125), for DGI groups (89) and local associations (26), for private enterprises (28) and municipalities (18). The contents of the courses were flexible with regard to the special wishes of the users. Some Karpenh⊘j courses are also arranged for tourists. Generally, the farm is open for visitors both from the nearby Fugls⊘ congress centre and from the larger region.

8. With the background of this practice and theoretical discussion, a sort of ‘green academy’ was opened on Karpenh⊘j in 2008. Organised in the style of a People's Academy, this h⊘jskole of outdoor life intends to bridge the gap between practical outdoor experiences and theoretical studies.

9. On a more theoretical level, see Agger et al. 2003; Pedersen and Viken 2003. For Germany, see Grossklaus and Oldemeyer 1983; also Böhme 2002.

10. On the transformation of sports by the ‘invasion’ of elderly people, see chapter 12.

11. This has been documented for an Anglophone reception. For a German reader under the Scandinavian term friluftsliv: Liedtke and Lagerstr⊘m 2007.

12. This corresponds to the point, which was made by Gaston Bachelard (1938; 1948) in his large work about the four elements – fire, earth, air and water – as outcomes of human practice and dream. For the philosophy of tourism see also Kosiewicz 2008.

13. Brugsnatur, ‘nature for use’, was the name of a project in Vårby Å Valley in Denmark, see Præstholm 1996.