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Original Articles

One Play Cannot be Known to Win or Lose a Game: a Fallibilist Account of Game

Pages 21-33 | Published online: 22 Feb 2011
 

Abstract

This paper discusses what it means to be a good sport. It offers an account of sportsmanship rooted in the proper understanding of the limited role each participant plays during a specific sporting contest. It aims at showing that, from a fallibilist perspective, although it may perhaps be logically possible for a single play to win or lose a sporting event, it makes epistemologically no sense to single out a particular game action, moment or decision as the crucial one which determined victory or defeat. Our view, we shall argue, is consistent with the empirical nature of sporting activities. Since there can be no such a thing as a perfect game, and because no single known human mind is in a position to know with any degree of certainty how each act of game-playing relates to the outcome of a whole game, it makes almost no sense to assign whole-game success or failure to single acts of brilliance or failure.

Resumen

Este artículo discute qué significa el tener buen perder [tomárselo con deportividad]. Ofrece una versión de la deportividad basada en un entendimiento correcto del papel limitado que cada participante juega durante una competición deportiva específica. Pretende demostrar que, desde una perspectiva falibilista, aunque quizás pueda ser lógicamente posible que una única jugada gane o pierda un evento deportivo, no tiene sentido epistemológico el singularizar una acción particular del juego, momento, o decisión como aquella crucial que determinó la victoria o la pérdida. Nuestro parecer, argumentaremos, es consistente con la naturaleza empírica de las actividades deportivas. Ya que no puede haber tal cosa como un juego perfecto, y porque no hay ninguna mente humana conocida que esté en una posición de saber con grado alguno de certeza como cada acción del juego está relacionada con el resultado del juego entero, casi no tiene sentido el asignar el éxito o la pérdida del juego entero a acciones brillantes o de fracaso únicas.

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Beitrag wird diskutiert, was es heißt, ein guter Sportler zu sein. Er beinhaltet eine Auflistung von Facetten von Sportlichkeit, die eng verbunden sind mit dem rechten Verständnis der spezifischen Rolle, die jeder Teilnehmer im jeweiligen sportlichen Wettkampf spielt. Der Beitrag zielt darauf ab, zu zeigen, dass aus einer fallibilistischen Perspektive – obwohl es vielleicht logisch möglich ist, durch einen einzigen Spielzug ein sportliches Event zu gewinnen oder zu verlieren – es erkenntnistheoretisch gesehen keinen Sinn macht, eine bestimme Spielhandlung, einen Moment oder eine Entscheidung als das den Sieg oder die Niederlage Bestimmende isolieren zu wollen. Unserer Ansicht nach, so unsere Argumentation, steht dies im Einklang mit dem empirischen Charakter der sportlichen Aktivitäten. Da es so etwas wie ein perfektes Spiel nicht gibt und weil bisher kein einziger menschliche Kopf in der Lage gewesen ist, mit hinreichender Sicherheit zu wissen, wie sich jeder einzelne Spielzug auf das Ergebnis des gesamten Spiels auswirkt, ist es nahezu sinnlos, den kompletten Spielerfolg oder Misserfolg auf einzelne brillante oder mangelhafte Handlungen zu reduzieren.

Résumé

Cet article s'interroge sur ce que signifie être un bon sport. Il propose une explication sur la sportivité fondée sur la compréhension du rôle limité joué par chaque participant pendant une rencontre sportive donnes. Il vise à montrer que dans une perspective faillibiliste, et bien que qu'il soit logiquement possible pour un simple jeu seul de gagner ou de perdre une rencontre sportive, il n'y a épistémologiquement aucune raison de choisir une action de jeu particulière, un moment ou une décision comme étant le point crucial qui a déterminé la victoire ou la défaite. Notre point de vue, comme nous le démontrons, est en accord avec la nature empirique des activités sportives. Puisque le jeu parfait n'existe pas et puisque aucun esprit humain n'est en position de savoir avec un degré suffisant de certitude comment chaque action de jeu agit sur l'ensemble du résultat final, il n'y a presque aucun sens à assujettir la victoire ou la défaire de la totalité d'un jeu aux seuls actes, pour brillants ou voués à l'échec qu'ils soient.

Notes

1. The term ‘meliorism’ is used in this paper as defined by John J. Stuhr to refer to the belief that ‘human action can improve the human condition’.

2. The lusory attitude is here understood as defined by Bernard Suits: ‘to play a game is to attempt to achieve a specific state of affairs (pre-lusory goal), using only means permitted by rules (lusory means), where the rules prohibit use of more efficient in favor of less efficient means (constitutive rules), and where such rules are accepted just because they make possible such activity (lusory attitude).’

3. This article was originally published in the Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 26 (1999): 10–26.

4. Among what he refers to as ‘refereeing errors’, Dixon tells of a referee who is so biased in favour of the home team that she (1) ‘disallows as offside three perfectly good goals for the away team, even though replays clearly indicate that all the attacking players were onside’ and (2) ‘awards a phantom penalty, even though replays conclusively show that no contact was made with the attacker who slumped to the ground in the penalty area’. All these ‘errors’ are believed to have secured a single-goal victory for the home team.

5. This paper is not aimed at making the case for mass participation in opposition to watching which some sport theories attribute to the ‘corruption thesis’. This thesis is discussed in some length by Robert Simon (Citation2004, 175–8) and Peter S. Wenz (Citation1981). This paper simply makes the claim that in most societies participation in sport is desirable thanks to the internal goods it provides. Our claim would not lose its plausibility even if one could show that all goods inherent in sport might simply be instrumental.

5. See for example Jane English (1978), Ray A. Belliotti (1979), and Peter S. Wenz (1981). These three papers are also reprinted in Morgan and Meier 1995.

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