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Original Articles

Anthropos as Kinanthropos: Heidegger and PatoČka on Human Movement

Pages 217-230 | Published online: 11 Oct 2011
 

Abstract

This paper explores the topic of movement in relation to the human being (anthropos). This topic will be presented from the point of view of phenomenology and related to the area of sport. Firstly, I shall briefly present a description of the human being as static, within which mechanistic, physical movement is ascribed to the body. Secondly, I shall present a different conception of the human being – the human being as movement – using a phenomenological approach to the human being based on the early work of Martin Heidegger, and on the philosophy of Jan Patočka, highlighting some of their ideas most closely related to the existence of the human being and the exploration of the topic of human movement. I shall refer to this concept of the human being with a word that I have coined for the purpose, uniting the human being (anthropos) and movement (kinesis) – kinanthropos. Finally, from this phenomenological account of movement, I shall suggest some indicators for the enrichment of our thinking about sport.

Resumen

Este artículo explora el tema del movimiento en relación al ser humano (anthropos). Este tema sera presentado desde el punto de vista de la fenomenología y será relacionado con el ámbito deportivo. En primer lugar, ofreceré una breve descripción del ser humano como algo estático, dentro del cual se ascribe al cuerpo un movimiento físico y mecanístico. En segundo lugar presentaré una nueva concepción del ser humano – el ser humano como movimiento – usando un enfoque fenomenológico del ser humano basado en la obra temprana de Martin Heidegger, y en la filosofía de Jan Patočka, resaltando algunas de sus ideas que más se acercan a la existencia del ser humano y a la exploración del tema del movimiento humano. Me referiré a este concepto del ser humano con una palabra que he acuñado para este propósito, unificando el ser humano (anthropos) y el movimiento (kinesis): “kinanthropos”. Finalmente, desde esta explicación fenomenológica del movimento, sugeriré algunos indicadores para enriquecer nuestro pensamiento sobre el deporte.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel untersucht Bewegung in Relation zum Menschen (Anthropos). Dies wird aus der Sicht der Phänomenologie und in Verbindung mit dem Bereich des Sports vorgestellt. Erstens werde ich kurz ein statisches Menschenbild vorstellen, in dem dem Körper eine mechanistische, physikalische Form der Bewegung zugeschrieben wird. Zweitens werde ich eine andere Auffassung des Menschen – des Menschen als Bewegung – unter Verwendung eines phänomenologischen Ansatzes präsentieren. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf den frühen Arbeiten von Martin Heidegger und der Philosophie Jan Patočkas, mit Hervorhebung einiger ihrer Ideen, die eng mit der Existenz des Menschen und der Erforschung der menschlichen Bewegung im Zusammenhang stehen. Ich bezeichne dieses Konzept des Menschen mit dem Wort Kinanthropos, das ich für den Zweck, d.h. die Vereinigung von Mensch (Anthropos) und Bewegung (kinesis), geprägt habe. Schließlich werde ich einige Vorschläge aus dieser phänomenologischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Bewegung zur Bereicherung unseres Denkens über den Sport liefern.

Résumé

Cet article explore la question du mouvement en relation avec l'être humain (anthropos). Il sera présenté du point de vue de la phénoménologie et concerne le domaine du sport. Premièrement, je présenterai rapidement une description de l'être humain en tant que statique à l'intérieur de laquelle le mouvement mécanique et physique est reconnu par le corps. Deuxièmement, je présenterai une différente conception de l'être humain – l'être humain comme mouvement – en utilisant une approche phénoménologique de l'être humain basée sur les premiers travaux de Martin Heidegger et sur la philosophie de Jan Patočka, en éclairant certaines de leurs idées les plus liées à l'existence de l'être humain et à l'exploration du mouvement humain. Je me référerai au concept d'être humain avec un mot que j'ai eu à inventer pour ce sujet, unissant l'être humain (anthropos) et le mouvement (kinesis) : kinanthropos. Finalement, de ce bilan phénoménologique du mouvement, je suggérerai quelques indicateurs pour l'enrichissement de notre pensée sur le sport.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Jim Parry for his comments and assistance with the English. This article was written with support by a research grant from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports MSM 0021620864, Czech Republic.

Notes

In this paper, to enable easier orientation within Heidegger's Being and Time, I refer to it by the pagination of the original work Sein und Zeit (as printed on the side of the translated English text).

Other ways of being that Heidegger works with are for example ‘readiness-to-hand’ (Zuhandenheit) which is the way of being of instruments, ‘presence-at-hand’ (Vorhandenheit) – the way of being of objects, ‘life’ (Leben) – the way of being of plants and animals (Heidegger Citation2001a, §12a).

The word 'ecstasis' (pl. ecstases) refers to the unfolding of the movement out of itself (Außer-sich) (Heidegger 1997, 377).

The meaning of the term of ‘historicality’ (Geschichtlichkeit) covers two meanings: while with regard to the translation of the word ‘Geschichtlichkeit’ in relation to ‘Geschichte’ (history) it refers to the situatedness of Dasein into an historical context, and with regard to the translation of the word ‘Geschichtlichkeit’ in relation to the verb ‘happen’ (geschehen) it also has a meaning of the way of being of Dasein.

Patočka was also an important figure in the anti-Communist movement in the former Czechoslovakia, being one of the founders of the document Charter 77.

In this essay, I discuss only the critiques that are the most relevant for the topic of movement of human existence. One of Patočka's (1998, 135) criticisms of Heidegger is that he provides only an incomplete account of co-being (Mitdasein).

Discussions of Heidegger's account of the corporality of Dasein vary – from those who understand Dasein as un-corporal (e.g. Franck Citation2002, 146) to those who try to complete Heidegger's work in this respect (e.g. Cerbone Citation2002).

Patočka develops the three movements of human existence in different places in his work, and uses different terms for them. The terms that are used here are from the book Heretical Essays, translated by Erazim Kohák.

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