Journalism, Moral Panic and the Public Interest

Abstract

The public interest is commonly presumed to be fundamental to the practice of journalism. Journalists and the media organizations for which they work routinely assume that they are able to identify what is in the public interest, and act accordingly. This article explores notions of the public interest in the context of a particular case study, that of Sharleen Spiteri, an HIV-positive sex worker who appeared on the Australian national current affairs television programme 60 Minutes in 1989 and admitted that she sometimes had unprotected sex with clients. As a consequence of the ensuing wave of moral panic, she was forcibly detained in a locked AIDS ward and a mental asylum. After she was released she was kept under 24-hour surveillance for the remaining 15 years of her life. In 2010, the authors of this article produced a radio documentary for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation about Sharleen Spiteri's case. The authors argue that her story raises some important and difficult questions for the ethical practice of journalism. They analyse the role of journalists and politicians involved in Sharleen's case, and show that their belief that they were acting in the public interest played into well-established historical narratives linking sex workers with disease and dissolution, with disastrous consequences for Sharleen herself. The authors argue that a more reflexive and responsible conception of the public interest for journalists requires them to pay more careful attention to the voices and perspectives of people who are excluded from participation in the public sphere.

KEYWORDS:

• ethics
• HIV/AIDS
• journalism
• moral panic
• prostitution
• public interest
• sex work
• Sharleen Spiteri

Notes

1. In the following text we have chosen to refer to Sharleen Spiteri simply by her first name, Sharleen. This is how all of our interview subjects in the documentary referred to her, and how she was and is known by other sex workers, the health authorities, caseworkers, etc.

2. Except where otherwise indicated, all interview quotes referred to in the text are from the radio documentary “Shutting Down Sharleen”, broadcast on the Hindsight programme on ABC Radio National, March 21, 2010. Audio and a full text transcript of the documentary are available at http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/hindsight/shutting-down-sharleen/3115028. The documentary was produced by Eurydice Aroney and Tom Morton for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Research was by Justine Greenwood, technical production by Timothy Nicastri, executive producer Michelle Rayner. Additional interview material recorded for the documentary, but not broadcast, is quoted in the text. The interviews quoted are as follows: Julie Bates, interview, December 10, 2008; Basil Donovan, interview, March 27, 2009; Ron Hicks, interview, November 4, 2009; “Sammy” (pseudonym used at interview subject’s request), February 2, 2010.

3. See http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edward-snowden-interview-video.

4. See http://www.avert.org/australia-hiv-aids-statistics.htm.

5. Monis’ demands had been published on social media by some of the hostages trapped inside the Lindt café, but police requested that the mainstream media not report them (see http://www.businessinsider.com.au/hostages-are-posting-the-demands-of-the-gunman-in-the-sydney-siege-on-social-media-2014-12).