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Notes
1 USIS is short for United States Information Service, also known as USIA, United States Information Agency. Its aim was to increase dialogue between US and foreign countries, for instance by broadcasts (Voice of America) or academic exchange programmes (Fulbright). USIS was established in 1953 and folded in 1999.
2 Doris Friedensohn is now Professor Emerita of Women's Studies at New Jersey City University. She participated in many USIS-sponsored activities both at home and abroad, and is well known for her articles on American diversity. In 2006, Eating As I Go: Scenes from America and Abroad was published by Kentucky Iniversity Press (see: http://dorisfriedensohn.com).
3 Updike, Terrorist.
4 McGrath, C. “In Terrorist a Cautious Novelist Takes on a New Fear. Interview with John Updike.” New York Times Book Review, 31 May 2006.
5 Friedensohn, “Towards a Post-Imperial, Transnational American Studies.”
6 5th Annual Conference on American Studies at Ivane Javakhishvili State University. In: Vasil Kachavara, Elene Medzmariashvili, Tsira Chikvaidze (eds.), Journal of American Studies, Tbilisi, Tbilisi University Press, 2003: 627.
7 Shiraev and Zubok, Anti-Americanism in Russia.
8 Shiraev and Zubok, Anti-Americanism in Russia, 15.
9 Ibid., 16.
10 Peter Mamradze (Chief of Cabinet, State Chancellery, Tbilisi), in discussion with the author, February 2005. Incidentally, in The Netherlands where I grew up, we had a similar split at the time, but that was between the Rolling Stones and the Beatles.
11 David Losaberidze (Program Manager, The Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi), in discussion with the author, February 2005.
12 February 6, 2004: Questions for GORBI (Georgian Opinion Research Business International) February Omnibus Survey in Georgia: 8--15 February 2004. Gallup International Q14: “Some people say that President Saakashvili seeks to pursue a pro-American foreign policy. Others say that he seeks to pursue a foreign policy that is neither pro-American nor pro-Russian. Which of these views is closer to your own?”
13 In 2005, some 850 Georgian soldiers served in Iraq. The United States helped Georgia in training about 2,400 troops under the Georgia Train-and-Equip Program (GTEP) in 2002–4.
14 In 2001, the Soros-sponsored student movement Otpor (“Resistance”) was instrumental in Serbia in successfully overthrowing the government, as were Kmara (“Enough”) in Georgia in 2003 and Pora (“It's High Time”) in Ukraine in 2004. However, both in Belarus and Azerbaijan the student movements failed to bring about any more revolutions. See Ian Traynor, “US Campaign Behind Turmoil in Kiev,” The Guardian, 26 November 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Ukraine/story/0,15569,1360236,00.html. Also see: “Bush Hails Georgia, Ukraine Revolution Ahead of Talks with Putin,” Civil Georgia, 24 February 2005; C. J. Chivers, “Bush and Putin Mute Differences, Latching on to the Affirmative,” New York Times, 25 February 2005; “Putin: No Need to ‘Plant Permanent Revolutions,”’ Civil Georgia, 23 February 2005; “Saakashvili: Bush's Statement is a ‘New Political Reality’ for Georgia,” Civil Georgia, 22 February 2005.
15 However, for the older generation, who grew up in the “good old days” of the Soviet regime, when health care, education, water and gas were free, when everyone had a job and life was supposedly good, the new Western-leaning government symbolizes everything that is wrong in Georgia today: high unemployment, lowly paid jobs. No wonder corruption is endemic and thinking back to the “good old days” makes you anti-Western. But this older generation tends to forget that the Soviet system had completely run the infrastructure of the country down, had depleted the government's coffers, and had allowed the country to be run by local gangster clans.
16 Fry, “The influences of Nineteeth Century African American Music.”
17 Masilela, “Black South African Literature.”
18 Vahed and Jeppie, “Multiple Communities.”
19 “Gangsters defend Tupac murals,” http://www.tupac-online.com/News/0-258808-00.html.
20 Theresa Smith, “Staggie Keeps Peace at Clash over Murals,” Cape Argus, 20 February 2004.
21 “Marcus Garvey Settlement Cape Town,” http://www.coffeebeans.co.za/marcusgarvey.htm.
23 I also had conversations with Rowena Cross-Najafi (Public Affairs Officer, US Embassy Tbilisi), Vasil Kachavara (Director American Studies Programme, Ivane Javakhishvili State University, Tbilisi) and Bela Tsipuria (Deputy Minister of Science and Education), who had been the recipient of a PhD Fulbright scholarship at the University of Pennsylvania before being appointed in the Ministry of Education.