![Sample our Politics & International Relations journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5947/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Politics-International-Relations.jpg"})
Notes
1 Mike Wills, quoted by Sheryl Ozinsky in “Township Tourism Should be Encouraged,” Cape Argus 12 December 2006.
2 Euromonitor International, “World Travel Market Global Trends Report 2006,” http://www.euromonitor.com/Travel_And_Tourism (accessed March 2007).
3 Risk as a category deserves another discussion with reference to tourism, drawing on risk theory (Mary Douglas, Risk and Blame), risk assessment, and the idea of a risk society (Ulrich Beck). Freedgood, Victorian Writing About Risk, gives us a starting point in its colonial history. (Thank you to Rita Barnard for this reference and other suggestions.)
4 Euromonitor International, “World Travel Market Global Trends Report 2006,” 5.
5 Ibid., 23.
6 Ibid., 22.
7 Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Destination Culture, 141.
8 Kincaid, A Small Place, 18.
9 “Affordable holidays: ‘Sho’t left, driva!’ ” Vuk’uzenzele, December 2005, http://www.info.gov.za/vukuzenzele/number2/page29.htm (accessed March 2007).
10 One slogan, “It's possible. Let's waai!”, is a variation on South African Tourism's “It's impossible,” playing on banishing the idea of the impossible from the South African imaginary. (“Waai” means “go” in Afrikaans; so the phrase can mean anything from a mild “Let's go!” to a more vehement “Let's get out of here!” or “Let's split!”) Another slogan, “Affordable Mzansi Holidays,” emphasizes the thriftiness of the experience and uses the colloquial “Mzansi” for South Africa. The ad campaign's logo is a version of the tourist board's “Welcome man,” a personified South African flag. This Everyman emphasis explicitly tries to foreclose any anticipated sense of exclusivity, thus (ideally) opening tourism up to the whole nation.
11 Denise Slabbert, “Home-grown holidays,” Business in Africa (online) 13 July 2006, http://www.businessinafrica.net/leisure/travel/681551.htm.
12 Crispian Olver, “Making tourism work for all SA,” Business Day (South Africa) 7 May 2004.
13 “SANParks Launches National Parks Week,” Africa News, 18 September 2006, http://ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu:2053/universe/printdoc.
14 Southafrica.net. “Sho’t Left.” Tour Operator Offers, Cultural Discoveries, http://www.southafrica.net/shotleft/index.cfm?fuseaction = touroperatoroffers.offersbycategory&id = 9 (accessed March 2007).
15 For instance, in a 1998 interview with this author, Lionel Davis, an ex-political prisoner who now guides Robben Island Museum tours, described Afrikaner visitors who “come to weep” for the passing of Robben Island as the bastion that kept the swart gevarde at bay (personal interview, 7 July 1998).
16 Mda, The Heart of Redness, 61. Mda's most recent novel, The Whale Caller, also explores tourism, this time through whale-watchers in Hermanus. In the “Dedication” of The Heart of Redness, Mda presents himself in the guise of tourist when he thanks a “real-life trader in Qolorha…who took me to place of miracles and untold beauty.” Nongqawuse, the young girl who shapes both the present and past plot-lines in The Heart of Redness, prophesized in 1856 that if the amaXhosa sacrificed their cattle the white settlers would be swept into the sea. The resulting starvation and desperation further strengthened colonial control.
17 Ibid., 26, 29.
18 Ibid., 96, 198.
19 Ibid., 201.
20 Ibid., 105, 276, 248.
21 Barnard, Apartheid and Beyond, 169–70.
22 Ibid., 170, 169.
23 Mda, The Heart of Redness, 274.
24 Barnard, Apartheid and Beyond, 174.
25 Gordimer, “The Ultimate Safari,” 37. Barnard, making a bigger point about “the naturalizing and spectacularizing operations of myth,” points out other conflicted gazes in “The Ultimate Safari.” She writes: “Gordimer's story, then, deliberately reverses the characteristic operations of myth: it returns the human dimension to the spectacle of nature, and chastises the (probably foreign and probably already chastened) readership for its complicity in such reifying exoticism. It does so, in this particular instance, with a shrewd recognition of the author's own (potential) position of spectatorship in Africa” (Barnard, “The Final Safari” 128).
26 Kincaid, A Small Place, 36.
27 Gordimer, “The Ultimate Safari,” 35, 36.
28 MacCannell, Empty Meeting Grounds, 302, 111.