“The House of Bondage”: Rise and Fall of Apartheid as Social History

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Notes

¹ URL: http://art-south-africa.com/220-news-articles-2013/2111-what-does-south-africa-mean-to-manhattan.html. Also reblogged under the title “Apartheid in Manhattan: The International Center for Photography’s ‘Rise and Fall of Apartheid’” at: http://africasacountry.com/apartheid-in-manhattan-the-international-center-for-photographys-rise-and-fall-of-apartheid/

² Giliomee, The Afrikaners, 441–2, 469.

³ Writing about race in South Africa will never be easy. The term “white” will be used to designate both Afrikaans- and English-speaking South Africans of European descent. The terms “black Africans” or “Africans” will be used to designate all South Africans who were once classified as “Non-Europeans.” This means that the terms “Indian” or “Coloured” will not be used in this essay.

⁴ See “The Black Sash”, in Rise and Fall of Apartheid, ed. Enwezor and Bester, 142–9.

⁵ See Wendy Schwegmann, “Sheep Farmer and Son, ca. 1983”, in Rise and Fall of Apartheid, ed. Enwezor and Bester, 398.

⁶ See Graeme Williams, “Right-wing groups gather in Pretoria’s Church Square to voice their anger at the F.W. de Klerk government’s attempts to transform the country, 1990”, in Rise and Fall of Apartheid, ed. Enwezor and Bester, 480.

⁷ See Chris Collingridge, “Side view of AWB with the press, 1994”, in Rise and Fall of Apartheid, ed. Enwezor and Bester, 244.

⁸ Mandela, Nelson Mandela: The Struggle Is My Life, 19.

⁹ On 14 January 2014, the South African Mail & Guardian reported on a dispute that has erupted between Stephen Ellis, a Dutch historian, and the Nelson Mandela Foundation over whether his membership in the Communist Party was “suppressed”: http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-14-mandela-article-sparks-dispute-between-foundation-historian.

¹⁰ Before the 1950 passing of the Suppression of Communism Act, the Party was known as the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA). As a response to this Act, the CPSA dissolved itself and was reconstituted in 1953 as the South African Communist Party, the name it uses today. See Saunders and Southey, A Dictionary of South African History, 48.

¹¹ Saunders and Southey, 48.

¹² See “Ranjith Kally, Chief Albert Luthuli, gagged by the government from having any of his words published in this country, confined to a small area around his home near Stanger in Natal, April 1964”, in Enwezor and Bester, Rise and Fall of Apartheid, 187. There are other images of Albert Luthuli, but Ranjith Kally’s photograph is the only portrait. See, e.g. Enwezor and Bester, Rise and Fall of Apartheid, 94, 118.

¹³ Her paper and book titled The Political Situation was described in 1895 in an editorial in The Cape Times as “the most tremendous anti-Rhodes broadside we have seen.” Schreiner, Words in Season, ix.

¹⁴ Saunders and Southey, A Dictionary of South African History, 157.

¹⁵ Lodge, Mandela: A Critical Life, 97–9.

¹⁶ See Godby, in Enwezor and Bester, Rise and Fall of Apartheid, 55–8.

¹⁷ Cole, House of Bondage, 24.

¹⁸ Coetzee, “The Mind of Apartheid: Geoffrey Cronjé (1907–).”

¹⁹ One of Santu Mofokeng’s photographs taken on a crowded commuter train is titled “Overcome, Spiritual Ecstasy, 1986”. Enwezor and Bester, Rise and Fall of Apartheid, 390.

²⁰ See also Godby, “Native Studies,” 53.

²¹ Enwezor and Bester, Rise and Fall of Apartheid, 130–41.

²² Themba, Requiem for Sophiatown.

²³ Hayes, “Unity and Struggle: Afrapix and the Sediments of Photography,” 345–46, Enwezor, Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the Bureaucracy of Everyday Life, 34–5.

²⁴ Coetzee, “The Mind of Apartheid,” 2.

²⁵ Themba, Requiem for Sophiatown, 156–7.